{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:27:03Z","timestamp":1793748423179,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its initial description in the 1960s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has developed multiple mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and evading the immune system, including biofilm production. MRSA is now a widespread pathogen, causing a spectrum of infections ranging from superficial skin issues to severe conditions like osteoarticular infections and endocarditis, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Biofilm production is a key aspect of MRSA\u2019s ability to invade, spread, and resist antimicrobial treatments. Environmental factors, such as suboptimal antibiotics, pH, temperature, and tissue oxygen levels, enhance biofilm formation. Biofilms are intricate bacterial structures with dense organisms embedded in polysaccharides, promoting their resilience. The process involves stages of attachment, expansion, maturation, and eventually disassembly or dispersion. MRSA\u2019s biofilm formation has a complex molecular foundation, involving genes like icaADBC, fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, atl, agr, sarA, sarZ, sigB, sarX, psm, icaR, and srtA. Recognizing pivotal genes for biofilm formation has led to potential therapeutic strategies targeting elemental and enzymatic properties to combat MRSA biofilms. This review provides a practical approach for healthcare practitioners, addressing biofilm pathogenesis, disease spectrum, and management guidelines, including advances in treatment. Effective management involves appropriate antimicrobial therapy, surgical interventions, foreign body removal, and robust infection control practices to curtail spread within healthcare environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T08:52:03Z","timestamp":1705308723000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections in Humans: Clinical Implications and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashlesha","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Luke\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Master of Science, Healthcare Quality and Safety, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9207-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Kest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, St. Joseph\u2019s Children\u2019s Hospital, 703 Main Street, Paterson, NJ 07503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9616-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mangla","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla 171006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Steussy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, St. Luke\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Thieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, St. Luke\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St. Luke\u2019s Regional Medical Center, Unity Point Health, 2720 Stone Park Blvd, Sioux City, IA 51104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18033","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.33","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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