{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T17:58:38Z","timestamp":1776880718135,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helge Ax:son Johnson\u2019s stiftelse","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"Helge Ax:son Johnson\u2019s stiftelse","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"Magnus Bergvall\u2019s stiftelse","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"Magnus Bergvall\u2019s stiftelse","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"L\u00e4ngmanska kulturfonden","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"L\u00e4ngmanska kulturfonden","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"Division of Laboratory Medicine, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund and the Interreg NorthSea Region Programme 2014\u20132020 as part of the NorthTick project","award":["931010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["931010"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund and the Interreg NorthSea Region Programme 2014\u20132020 as part of the NorthTick project","award":["38-2-7-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38-2-7-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixodes ricinus nymphs and adults removed from humans, and larvae and nymphs from birds, have been analysed for infection with Babesia species and Borrelia species previously in separately published studies. Here, we use the same data set to explore the coinfection pattern of Babesia and Borrelia species in the ticks. We also provide an overview of the ecology and potential public health importance in Sweden of I. ricinus infected both with zoonotic Babesia and Borrelia species. Among 1952 nymphs and adult ticks removed from humans, 3.1% were PCR-positive for Babesia spp. Of these Babesia-positive ticks, 43% were simultaneously Borrelia-positive. Among 1046 immatures of I. ricinus removed from birds, 2.5% were Babesia-positive, of which 38% were coinfected with Borrelia species. This study shows that in I. ricinus infesting humans or birds in Sweden, potentially zoonotic Babesia protozoa sometimes co-occur with human-pathogenic Borrelia spp. Diagnostic tests for Babesia spp. infection are rarely performed in Europe, and the medical significance of this pathogen in Europe could be underestimated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T08:57:32Z","timestamp":1705481852000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Coinfection of Babesia and Borrelia in the Tick Ixodes ricinus\u2014A Neglected Public Health Issue in Europe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0780-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas G. T.","family":"Jaenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv\u00e4gen 18d, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per-Eric","family":"Lindgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County, SE-551 11 J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Wilhelmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping County, SE-551 11 J\u00f6nk\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190333","article-title":"Species interactions in a parasite community drive infection risk in a wildlife population","volume":"330","author":"Telfer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530450047031","article-title":"Concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis: Evidence for increased severity and duration of illness","volume":"275","author":"Krause","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn, J.M., Krause, P.J., Davis, S., Vannier, E.G., Fitzpatrick, M.C., Rollend, L., Belperron, A.A., States, S.L., Stacey, A., and Bockenstedt, L.K. 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