{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:47:54Z","timestamp":1793144874093,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis, a severe global healthcare challenge, is characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. The 2016 redefinition by the Third International Consensus Definitions Task Force emphasizes its complexity as a \u201clife-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection\u201d. Bacterial pathogens, historically dominant, exhibit geographic variations, influencing healthcare strategies. The intricate dynamics of bacterial immunity involve recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns, triggering innate immune responses and inflammatory cascades. Dysregulation leads to immunothrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to the septic state. Viral sepsis, historically less prevalent, saw a paradigm shift during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring the need to understand the immunological response. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and Toll-like receptors play pivotal roles, and the cytokine storm in COVID-19 differs from bacterial sepsis. Latent viruses like human cytomegalovirus impact sepsis by reactivating during the immunosuppressive phases. Challenges in sepsis management include rapid pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance monitoring, and balancing therapy beyond antibiotics. This review highlights the evolving sepsis landscape, emphasizing the need for pathogen-specific therapeutic developments in a dynamic and heterogeneous clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T12:01:13Z","timestamp":1705924873000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Impact of Pathogens on Sepsis Prevalence and Outcome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-0015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birte","family":"Dyck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Unterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adamzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0544-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Koos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-021-00777-5","article-title":"Inzidenz der Sepsis in Deutschland und weltweit: Aktueller Wissensstand und Limitationen der Erhebung in Abrechnungsdaten","volume":"117","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Notfmed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahmel, T., Schmitz, S., Nowak, H., Schepanek, K., Bergmann, L., Halberstadt, P., Horter, S., Peters, J., and Adamzik, M. (2020). Long-term mortality and outcome in hospital survivors of septic shock, sepsis, and severe infections: The importance of aftercare. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228952"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618762747","article-title":"Antibiotic Use in the Intensive Care Unit: Optimization and De-Escalation","volume":"33","author":"Campion","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5791","article-title":"Derivation, Validation, and Potential Treatment Implications of Novel Clinical Phenotypes for Sepsis","volume":"321","author":"Seymour","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.09.009","article-title":"Sepsis mortality score for the prediction of mortality in septic patients","volume":"43","author":"Shukeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unterberg, M., Rahmel, T., Rump, K., Wolf, A., Haberl, H., von Busch, A., Bergmann, L., Bracht, T., Zarbock, A., and Ehrentraut, S.F. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-COVID induced sepsis survival. BMC Anesth., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01547-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"343","article-title":"Current spectrum of causative pathogens in sepsis: A prospective nationwide cohort study in Japan","volume":"103","author":"Umemura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy313","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy313","article-title":"Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data From the Intensive Care over Nations Audit","volume":"5","author":"Sakr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759880","article-title":"Update on Sepsis Epidemiology in the Era of COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Shappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2022.154096","article-title":"Hospital-related costs of sepsis around the world: A systematic review exploring the economic burden of sepsis","volume":"71","author":"Bouma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A","article-title":"Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study","volume":"34","author":"Vincent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0943-1","article-title":"Sepsis mortality prediction based on predisposition, infection and response","volume":"34","author":"Moreno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5085-0","article-title":"The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundle: 2018 update","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86346-4","article-title":"Bacteremic sepsis leads to higher mortality when adjusting for confounders with propensity score matching","volume":"11","author":"Mellhammar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80119-3","article-title":"Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components","volume":"11","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.36","article-title":"The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Scicluna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1178","article-title":"NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology","volume":"85","author":"Vorobjeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08804-7","article-title":"A Review of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Disease: Potential Anti-NETs Therapeutics","volume":"61","author":"Mutua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Regulation and function","volume":"33","author":"Forstermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8712","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708712","article-title":"Reprogramming of basic metabolic pathways in microbial sepsis: Therapeutic targets at last?","volume":"10","author":"Vandewalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuk, J.-M., Silwal, P., and Jo, E.-K. (2020). Inflammasome and Mitophagy Connection in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134714"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, S.R., Mahapatra, K.K., Behera, B.P., Patra, S., Bhol, C.S., Panigrahi, D.P., Praharaj, P.P., Singh, A., Patil, S., and Dhiman, R. (2021). Mitochondrial dysfunction as a driver of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its modulation through mitophagy for potential therapeutics. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2021.106013"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165974","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/165974","article-title":"Cytokines in sepsis: Potent immunoregulators and potential therapeutic targets--an updated view","volume":"2013","author":"Schulte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617-viii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2008.06.010","article-title":"The Compensatory Anti-inflammatory Response syndrome (CARS) in Critically ill patients","volume":"29","author":"Ward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkler, M.S., Rissiek, A., Priefler, M., Schwedhelm, E., Robbe, L., Bauer, A., Zahrte, C., Zoellner, C., Kluge, S., and Nierhaus, A. (2017). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA-DR) gene expression is reduced in sepsis and correlates with impaired TNF\u03b1 response: A diagnostic tool for immunosuppression?. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182427"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.04.001","article-title":"Sepsis: Current dogma and new perspectives","volume":"40","author":"Deutschman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"426","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunoparalysis: Mechanisms, markers, and treatment options","volume":"81","author":"Hamers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). Causes and outcomes of sepsis in southeast Asia: A multinational multicentre cross-sectional study. Lancet. Glob. Health, 5, e157\u2013e167.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30007-4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.204.30127","article-title":"Improving sepsis care in Africa: An opportunity for change?","volume":"40","author":"Keeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2335728","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.35728","article-title":"Use of Electronic Clinical Data to Track Incidence and Mortality for SARS-CoV-2-Associated Sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Shappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005195","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 as Cause of Viral Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis*","volume":"49","author":"Karakike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0121621","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01216-21","article-title":"Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I-Like Receptors Activate Snail To Limit RNA Viral Infections","volume":"95","author":"Vedagiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: Their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.01.004","article-title":"Interferons and viruses: An evolutionary arms race of molecular interactions","volume":"36","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30217-4","article-title":"Immunotherapies for COVID-19: Lessons learned from sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Remy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155628","article-title":"COVID-19, what could sepsis, severe acute pancreatitis, gender differences, and aging teach us?","volume":"148","author":"Gallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4071-z","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus reactivation and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Ong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06716-y","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus blood reactivation in COVID-19 critically ill patients: Risk factors and impact on mortality","volume":"48","author":"Gatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1862","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: Recent insights into an age old problem","volume":"26","author":"Dupont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(01)00007-9","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"20","author":"Khoshnevis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28337","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28337","article-title":"Viral reactivation in the lungs of patients with severe pneumonia is associated with increased mortality, a multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"95","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04713-1","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus seropositivity is associated with reduced patient survival during sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Unterberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, S., Son, J., Oh, D.K., Huh, J.W., Lim, C.-M., and Hong, S.-B. (2021). Rapid Response System Improves Sepsis Bundle Compliances and Survival in Hospital Wards for 10 Years. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-773981\/v1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1848OC","article-title":"The Timing of Early Antibiotics and Hospital Mortality in Sepsis","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-020-00671-6","article-title":"S3 guideline sepsis-prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and aftercare: Summary of the strong recommendations","volume":"115","author":"Brunkhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Klin. Intensivmed. Notfmed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2112","article-title":"Procalcitonin Monitoring as a Guide for Antimicrobial Therapy: A Review of Current Literature","volume":"38","author":"Covington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1334-1925","article-title":"S2k-Leitlinie\u2014Empfehlungen zur station\u00e4ren Therapie von Patienten mit COVID-19","volume":"75","author":"Kluge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pneumologie"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116846","article-title":"Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-19 in Outpatients","volume":"386","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706640","article-title":"Letermovir Prophylaxis for Cytomegalovirus in Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation","volume":"377","author":"Marty","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1754","article-title":"International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units","volume":"302","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"964","article-title":"Contaminants in blood cultures: Importance, implications, interpretation and prevention","volume":"24","author":"Cormier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-021-00765-y","article-title":"Diagnostic Challenges in Sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Duncan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105904","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105904","article-title":"Virus Detection: From State-of-the-Art Laboratories to Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Testing","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720982630","article-title":"Implementation of next-generation sequencing for virus identification in veterinary diagnostic laboratories","volume":"33","author":"Kubacki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diagn. Inc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.154672","article-title":"Reliability of dipstick assay in predicting urinary tract infection","volume":"4","author":"Mambatta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2906-y","article-title":"MALDI-ToF short incubation identification from blood cultures is associated with reduced length of hospitalization and a decrease in bacteremia associated mortality","volume":"36","author":"Delport","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2018.027318","article-title":"The Use of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the Identification of Pathogens Causing Sepsis","volume":"3","author":"Luethy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"544","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR and blood culture for identification of bloodstream pathogens in patients with suspected sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Westh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-481-4_15","article-title":"Sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture","volume":"1031","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867796","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.867796","article-title":"A Porcine Sepsis Model With Numerical Scoring for Early Prediction of Severity","volume":"9","author":"Rutai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-111020-090812","article-title":"Challenges of Organoid Research","volume":"45","author":"Andrews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7894","article-title":"Organoids-on-a-chip","volume":"364","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/89\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1760103976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/1\/89"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13010089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13010089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]]}}}