{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:51:22Z","timestamp":1772931082626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI 3036\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 3036\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC2151-390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2151-390873048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMA2019SFB-2814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019SFB-2814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)","award":["RI 3036\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 3036\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)","award":["EXC2151-390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2151-390873048"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)","award":["TMA2019SFB-2814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019SFB-2814"]}]},{"name":"DFG under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["RI 3036\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 3036\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["EXC2151-390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2151-390873048"]}]},{"name":"DFG under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["TMA2019SFB-2814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019SFB-2814"]}]},{"name":"PLUS of EDCTP2","award":["RI 3036\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 3036\/1-1"]}]},{"name":"PLUS of EDCTP2","award":["EXC2151-390873048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2151-390873048"]}]},{"name":"PLUS of EDCTP2","award":["TMA2019SFB-2814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2019SFB-2814"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biting midges belonging to the genus Culicoides are tiny stout-shaped hematophagous insects and are thought to transmit the filarial nematode Mansonella perstans. Little is known about the Culicoides fauna in the rain forest belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon. This study was designed to investigate the diversity, abundance and distribution of Culicoides spp. and their role as the purported vector(s) of M. perstans. Overnight light trap collections and human landing catches (HLCs) revealed eight species of Culicoides with C. grahamii being the most abundant species followed by C. milnei. Four anthropophilic species (C. inornatipennis, C. grahamii, C. fulvithorax and C. milnei) were determined by the HLCs with a higher abundance in the 4\u20136 p.m. collections. The drop trap technique and Mp419 LAMP assay confirmed C. milnei to be the most efficient vector in enabling the development of the microfilarial stage to the infective larval form of M. perstans. The LAMP assay also revealed that natural transmission of this nematode is fostered by C. milnei and C. grahamii in the wild. In conclusion, C. milnei was shown to be the main vector of M. perstans in the rain forest belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1707189751000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Culicoides Species of the Rain Forest Belt of the Littoral Region of Cameroon: Their Incrimination in the Transmission of Mansonella perstans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rene","family":"Ebai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Anizette","family":"Kien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny Fri","family":"Fombad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Esofi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ouam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9681-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Ning","family":"Ntuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glory Ngongeh","family":"Amambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3314-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Narcisse Tchamatchoua","family":"Gandjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1265-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerine Chawa","family":"Chunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Nietcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy Cho","family":"Nchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chefor","family":"Magha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome Fru","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias Eyong","family":"Esum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Ivo","family":"Enyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"},{"name":"Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8671-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea P.O. 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Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.01.014","article-title":"Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa","volume":"120","author":"Simonsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0624-1","article-title":"Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) midges, the vectors of African horse sickness virus\u2014A host\/vector contact study in the Niayes area of Senegal","volume":"8","author":"Fall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1733-9","article-title":"Role of different Culicoides vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in bluetongue virus transmission and overwintering in Sardinia (Italy)","volume":"9","author":"Foxi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. 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Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/2\/146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:28Z","timestamp":1760104528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/2\/146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13020146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13020146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}}}