{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:11:21Z","timestamp":1789578681480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne neurotropic virus, belonging to the Flaviviridae family and the Orthoflavivirus genus. The effective control of WNV requires a targeted preventive strategy that also needs the identification of the higher-risk populations. Hence, this study focused on a systematic literature review of WNV-acquired infection in work-related settings and the assessment of the exposure risks among different occupational categories. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies until September 2023 in multiple databases such as PubMed\/MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science, according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Risk of bias of collected papers was assessed by the ROB tool of the National Toxicology Program\u2019s Office of Health Assessment and Translation handbook. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review, out of which seventeen were observational studies and four were case reports. Workers identified as at higher risk for WNV infection were military workers, veterinarians, agricultural workers, farmers, and laboratory workers with contact with infected fluids or aerosols. Conclusions: The identification of higher-risk workers could facilitate active surveillance by occupational physicians, which could improve our understanding of the epidemiology of WNV and, in addition, could help tailor appropriate preventive recommendations, reducing the overall burden of disease in high-risk areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1707469441000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["West Nile Virus Infection in Occupational Settings\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amienwanlen E.","family":"Odigie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Benin, Benin City 301154, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Stufano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0930-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Schino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya Attia Koraney","family":"Zarea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda A.","family":"Ndiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6400-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Mrenoshki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7410-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iniobong C. I.","family":"Ugochukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Lovreglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6862-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Pratelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Camero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4300-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tempesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, SP 62 Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.1997.0057","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis and dengue vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Barrett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01125-06","article-title":"Crystal structure of the West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein","volume":"80","author":"Nybakken","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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