{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T13:57:56Z","timestamp":1787234276098,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD102445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD102445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["15236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15236"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HD102445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD102445"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term neurodevelopmental effects of antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure in children without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) remain unclear, as few children have been examined to the age of school entry level. A total of 51 Colombian children with antenatal ZIKV exposure without CZS and 70 unexposed controls were evaluated at 4\u20135 years of age using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-CAT), the Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The mean ages at evaluation were 5.3 and 5.2 years for cases and controls, respectively. Elevated BRIEF scores in Shift and Emotional Control may suggest lower emotional regulation in cases. A greater number of cases were reported by parents to have behavior and mood problems. BSRA and PEDI-CAT activity scores were unexpectedly higher in cases, most likely related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a delayed school entry among the controls. Although PEDI-CAT mobility scores were lower in cases, there were no differences in motor scores on the MABC. Of 40 cases with neonatal neuroimaging, neurodevelopment in 17 with mild non-specific findings was no different from 23 cases with normal neuroimaging. Normocephalic children with ZIKV exposure have positive developmental trajectories at 4\u20135 years of age but differ from controls in measures of emotional regulation and adaptive mobility, necessitating continued follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Normocephalic Colombian Children with Antenatal Zika Virus Exposure at School Entry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Mulkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Corn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4346-0117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1937-2349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regan","family":"Andringa-Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Arroyave-Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Vezina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy I.","family":"Bulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3547-8859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert H.","family":"Podolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Study Methodology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2037-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Msall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Research Center on Intellectual and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Cure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOMELab, Atl\u00e1ntico, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix451","article-title":"History and Emergence of Zika Virus","volume":"216","author":"Gubler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6612a4","article-title":"Zika Virus Transmission\u2014Region of the Americas","volume":"66","author":"Ikejezie","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1604037","article-title":"Zika Virus Disease in Colombia\u2014Preliminary Report","volume":"383","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.08.035","article-title":"Zika Virus and the Nonmicrocephalic Fetus: Why We Should Still Worry","volume":"220","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6641a1","article-title":"Update: Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection\u2014United States, October 2017","volume":"66","author":"Adebanjo","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marb\u00e1n-Castro, E., Vazquez Guillamet, L.J., Pantoja, P.E., Casellas, A., Maxwell, L., Mulkey, S.B., Men\u00e9ndez, C., and Bardaj\u00ed, A. (2022). Neurodevelopment in Normocephalic Children Exposed to Zika Virus in Utero with No Observable Defects at Birth: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127319"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02373-5","article-title":"Preschool Neurodevelopment in Zika Virus-Exposed Children without Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Mulkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5204","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Children with In Utero Zika Virus Exposure without Congenital Zika Syndrome","volume":"174","author":"Mulkey","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4138","article-title":"Sequential Neuroimaging of the Fetus and Newborn with In Utero Zika Virus Exposure","volume":"173","author":"Mulkey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, December 11). Instituto Nacional de Salud Casos Positivos de COVID-19 en Colombia 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.ins.gov.co\/Noticias\/Paginas\/Coronavirus.aspx."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"47","article-title":"Psychometric Characteristics of the BRIEF Scale for the Assessment of Executive Functions in Spanish Clinical Population","volume":"26","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158244019879166","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244019879166","article-title":"BRIEF-P: Validation Study in Children in Early Childhood with Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573518797762","article-title":"Test Review: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function\u00ae, Second Edition (BRIEF\u00ae2) by Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Guy, S.C., & Kenworthy, L","volume":"34","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04107.x","article-title":"Accuracy and Precision of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Computer-Adaptive Tests (PEDI-CAT)","volume":"53","author":"Haley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bracken, B.A. (2007). Bracken School Readiness Assessment, Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21816","article-title":"Construct Validity Evidence for Bracken School Readiness Assessment, Third Edition, Spanish Form Scores","volume":"52","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Sch."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Henderson, S.E., Sugden, D., and Barnett, A.L. (1992). Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dunn, L., Lugo, D., Padilla, E., and Dunn, L. (1986). Test de Vocabulario En Imagines Peabody, American Guidance Service."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M.E., Corn, E.A., Ransanz, S.M., Berl, M.M., Andringa-Seed, R., and Mulkey, S.B. Neurodevelopmental Assessments Used to Measure Preschoolers\u2019 Cognitive Development in Latin America: A Systematic Review. J. Pediatr. Psychol., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad089"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"CDC Growth Charts: United States","volume":"317","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Data"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.41.1.106","article-title":"Head Circumference from Birth to Eighteen Years. Practical Composite International and Interracial Graphs","volume":"41","author":"Nellhaus","year":"1968","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2014A Metadata-Driven Methodology and Workflow Process for Providing Translational Research Informatics Support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia, G.A., Isquith, P.K., Guy, S.C., and Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function: BRIEF, Psychological Assessment Resources.","DOI":"10.1037\/t73087-000"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gioia, G.A., Andrwes, K., and Isquith, P.K. (1996). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P), Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2019.102560","article-title":"Assessing Colombia\u2019s Policy of Socio-Economic Stratification: An Intra-City Study of Self-Reported Quality of Life","volume":"97","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08010089","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Infection and Executive Dysfunction in Adult Schizophrenia","volume":"166","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17208","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121246109","article-title":"Associations between Early Life Adversity and Executive Function in Children Adopted Internationally from Orphanages","volume":"109","author":"Hostinar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teigset, C.M., Mohn, C., and Rund, B.R. (2020). Perinatal Complications and Executive Dysfunction in Early-Onset Schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02517-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, S.J., and Sparrow, E.P. (2012). Executive Function and Dysfunction: Identification, Assessment and Treatment, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511977954"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22013","article-title":"Parent\u2019s Anxiety Links Household Stress and Young Children\u2019s Behavioral Dysregulation","volume":"63","author":"Fields","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.128","article-title":"Parental Anxiety and Offspring Development: A Systematic Review","volume":"327","author":"Sweeney","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23468-3","article-title":"Association between Confirmed Congenital Zika Infection at Birth and Outcomes up to 3 Years of Life","volume":"12","author":"Hcini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321031","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in Normocephalic Children with and without Prenatal Zika Virus Exposure","volume":"107","author":"Blackmon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R., Fl\u00e9chelles, O., Tressi\u00e8res, B., Dialo, M., Elenga, N., Mediamolle, N., Mallard, A., Hebert, J.-C., Lachaume, N., and Couchy, E. (2021). In Utero Zika Virus Exposure and Neurodevelopment at 24 Months in Toddlers Normocephalic at Birth: A Cohort Study. BMC Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01888-0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, M., Evans, R., Cheng, M., Landon, B., No\u00ebl, T., Macpherson, C., Cudjoe, N., Burgen, K.S., Waechter, R., and LaBeaud, A.D. (2023). Does Intra-Uterine Exposure to the Zika Virus Increase Risks of Cognitive Delay at Preschool Ages? Findings from a Zika-Exposed Cohort from Grenada, West Indies. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061290"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02951-1","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Assessment of Normocephalic Children Born to Zika Virus Exposed and Unexposed Pregnant People","volume":"95","author":"Alger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13120","article-title":"Positive and Negative Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Families of Young Children in Rural Colombia and Implications for Child Outcome Research","volume":"49","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00e7anha, P.M., Gomes Junior, S.C., Pone, S.M., Pone, M.V., Vasconcelos, Z., Zin, A., Vilibor, R.H.H., Costa, R.P., Meio, M.D.B.B., and Nielsen-Saines, K. (2020). Neurodevelopment of Children Exposed Intra-Uterus by Zika Virus: A Case Series. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229434"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0496-1","article-title":"Delayed Childhood Neurodevelopment and Neurosensory Alterations in the Second Year of Life in a Prospective Cohort of ZIKV-Exposed Children","volume":"25","author":"Brasil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/2\/170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:16Z","timestamp":1760104756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/2\/170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13020170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13020170","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}