{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:09:41Z","timestamp":1782187781385,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minciencias (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion","award":["111580763362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111580763362"]}]},{"name":"Minciencias (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program for ZVR","award":["111580763362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111580763362"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program for ZVR","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with more severe disease. However, understanding regarding the Legionella host response in immune compromised individuals is lacking. This study investigated the inflammatory profiles associated with Legionella infection in patients hospitalized with HIV and pneumonia in Medell\u00edn, Colombia from February 2007 to April 2014, and correlated these profiles with clinical outcomes. Sample aliquots from the Colombian cohort were shipped to Canada where Legionella infections and systemic cytokine profiles were determined using real-time PCR and bead-based technology, respectively. To determine the effect of Legionella coinfection on clinical outcome, a patient database was consulted, comparing laboratory results and outcomes between Legionella-positive and -negative individuals. Principal component analysis revealed higher plasma concentrations of eotaxin, IP-10 and MCP-1 (p = 0.0046) during Legionella infection. Individuals with this immune profile also had higher rates of intensive care unit admissions (adjusted relative risk 1.047 [95% confidence interval 1.027\u20131.066]). Results demonstrate that systemic markers of monocyte\/macrophage activation and differentiation (eotaxin, MCP-1, and IP-10) are associated with Legionella infection and worse patient outcomes. Further investigations are warranted to determine how this cytokine profile may play a role in Legionella pneumonia pathogenesis or immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13020173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T09:30:18Z","timestamp":1707903018000},"page":"173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inflammatory Patterns Associated with Legionella in HIV and Pneumonia Coinfections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breanne M.","family":"Head","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Trajtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1zaro","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundaci\u00f3n, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucelly","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulma Vanessa","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Keynan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002858","article-title":"Direct healthcare costs of selected diseases primarily or partially transmitted by water","volume":"140","author":"Collier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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