{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1787029234363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Ghent University Global Campus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G013518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G013518N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Ghent University Global Campus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF.STG.2018.0009.01\/01N01518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF.STG.2018.0009.01\/01N01518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UGent BOF","award":["G013518N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G013518N"]}]},{"name":"UGent BOF","award":["BOF.STG.2018.0009.01\/01N01518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF.STG.2018.0009.01\/01N01518"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trypanosomes are single-celled extracellular parasites that infect mammals, including humans and livestock, causing global public health concerns and economic losses. These parasites cycle between insect vectors, such as tsetse flies and vertebrate hosts, undergoing morphological, cellular, and biochemical changes. They have remarkable immune evasion mechanisms to escape the host\u2019s innate and adaptive immune responses, such as surface coat antigenic variation and the induction of the loss of specificity and memory of antibody responses, enabling the prolongation of infection. Since trypanosomes circulate through the host body in blood and lymph fluid and invade various organs, understanding the interaction between trypanosomes and tissue niches is essential. Here, we present an up-to-date overview of host\u2013parasite interactions and survival strategies for trypanosomes by introducing and discussing the latest studies investigating the transcriptomics of parasites according to life cycle stages, as well as host cells in various tissues and organs, using single-cell and spatial sequencing applications. In recent years, this information has improved our understanding of trypanosomosis by deciphering the diverse populations of parasites in the developmental process, as well as the highly heterogeneous immune and tissue-resident cells involved in anti-trypanosome responses. Ultimately, the goal of these approaches is to gain an in-depth understanding of parasite biology and host immunity, potentially leading to new vaccination and therapeutic strategies against trypanosomosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Advances in the Immunology of the Host\u2013Parasite Interactions in African Trypanosomosis, including Single-Cell Transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7918-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6697-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hien Thi","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Thi","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Radwanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Magez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). 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