{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:03:31Z","timestamp":1790345011708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation","award":["465229\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation","award":["INC 0003\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INC 0003\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation","award":["R01-AI-149456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI-149456"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia","award":["465229\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia","award":["INC 0003\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INC 0003\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia","award":["R01-AI-149456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI-149456"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["465229\/2014-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229\/2014-0"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["INC 0003\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INC 0003\/2019"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-AI-149456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI-149456"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of the immune response in the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is predominantly carried out via blood cells. Here, we evaluate whether cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) reflects what has been documented at the lesion site. The participants included 22 CL patients diagnosed with a positive PCR. PBMCs were stimulated for 72 h with a soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Biopsies obtained from the edge of the ulcers were incubated for the same period. Cytokines in supernatants were assessed via ELISA. TNF, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, and granzyme B (GzmB) were higher in the supernatants of biopsies than in PBMCs, but IFN-\u03b3 was higher in the supernatants of PBMCs than in biopsies. There was a positive correlation between IFN-\u03b3 and TNF in PBMCs, and an inverse correlation between TNF and IL-10 in the cells from the lesion site. A strong correlation between IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, and GzmB was observed in the biopsies, and a positive correlation was detected between these cytokines and the lesion size. Our results indicate that the immune response in L. braziliensis lesions is different from that observed in peripheral blood, and our data suggest that in addition to IL-1\u03b2 and GzmB, IL-17 participates in the pathology of CL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1708685250000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["In Situ versus Systemic Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Augusto M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fabia S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexsandro","family":"Lago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9759-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ol\u00edvia","family":"Bacellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Beiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-1666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2697-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar M.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Doen\u00e7as Tropicais (INCT-DT), Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (MCTI), CNPq, Salvador 40110-160, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1996.tb00724.x","article-title":"Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Childhood","volume":"13","author":"Bittencourt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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