{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T04:50:34Z","timestamp":1792299034854,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas","award":["20160618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160618"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional-Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas","award":["20230543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230543"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and others, except for Staphylococcus aureus (SOSA), are common in healthcare-associated infections. SOSA encompass largely coagulase-negative staphylococci, including coagulase-positive staphylococcal species. Biofilm formation is encoded by the icaADBC operon and is involved in virulence. mecA encodes an additional penicillin-binding protein (PBP), PBP2a, that avoids the arrival of \u03b2-lactams at the target, found in the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This work aims to detect mecA, the bap gene, the icaADBC operon, and types of SCCmec associated to biofilm in MRSA and SOSA strains. A total of 46% (37\/80) of the strains were S. aureus, 44% (35\/80) S. epidermidis, 5% (4\/80) S. haemolyticus, 2.5% (2\/80) S. hominis, 1.25% (1\/80) S. intermedius, and 1.25% (1\/80) S. saprophyticus. A total of 85% were MR, of which 95.5% showed mecA and 86.7% \u03b2-lactamase producers; thus, Staphylococcus may have more than one resistance mechanism. Healthcare-associated infection strains codified type I-III genes of SCCmec; types IV and V were associated to community-acquired strains (CA). Type II prevailed in MRSA mecA strains and type II and III in MRSOSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus). The operon icaADBC was found in 24% of SA and 14% of SOSA; probably the arrangement of the operon, fork formation, and mutations influenced the variation. Methicillin resistance was mainly mediated by the mecA gene; however, there may be other mechanisms that also participate, since biofilm production is related to genes of the icaADBC operon and methicillin resistance was not associated with biofilm production. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen surveillance to prevent the spread of these outbreaks both in the nosocomial environment and in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T06:14:22Z","timestamp":1709100862000},"page":"212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Detection of mecA Genes in Hospital-Acquired MRSA and SOSA Strains Associated with Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rosa","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriologia Medica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital de Especialidades, \u201cDr Antonio Fraga Mouret\u201d Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"C\u00f3rdova-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriologia Medica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital de Especialidades, \u201cDr Antonio Fraga Mouret\u201d Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional SEDENA, Mexico City 11200, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Escamilla-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriologia Medica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Hospital General, \u201cDr Gaudencio Gonzalez Garza\u201d, Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Roc\u00edo","family":"Herrera-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bacteriologia Medica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Prolongacion de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S\/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, CONAHCYT-Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Esquivel-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pelcastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Especialidades, \u201cDr Antonio Fraga Mouret\u201d Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendoline","family":"Torres-Cubillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de Especialidades, \u201cDr Antonio Fraga Mouret\u201d Centro Medico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Mayorga-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Mendoza-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, Alcaldia Coyoacan, Mexico City 04960, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6342-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecologia Microbiana, Departamento de Sistemas Biologicos, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Campus Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. 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Casco de Santo Tomas, Alcaldia Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2022.103227","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections in adult intensive care unit patients: Changes in epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and contributions of new technologies","volume":"70","author":"Blot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-L\u00f3pez, F., Mart\u00ednez-Mel\u00e9ndez, A., and Garza-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2023). How Does Hospital Microbiota Contribute to Healthcare-Associated Infections?. 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