{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T07:48:24Z","timestamp":1771746504532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21H02722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02722"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["22H05057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H05057"]}]},{"name":"Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control","award":["21H02722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02722"]}]},{"name":"Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control","award":["22H05057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H05057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania and manifests clinical symptoms such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, anemia, and fever. It has previously been shown that B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) is involved in splenomegaly during VL. Although BAFF is known to be expressed by a variety of cells, the mechanism of elevated BAFF expression in VL is not clear. In this study, we aimed to identify BAFF-producing cells in the spleens of mice infected with Leishmania\u00a0donovani. Splenocytes of L. donovani-infected mice showed elevated BAFF expression compared to that of naive mice. In the infected spleen, the number of both CD11b+ and F4\/80+ cells increased, and the major BAFF-producing cells were CD11b+ cells, which did not serve as host cells of Leishmania. Immunohistochemical\/immunofluorescent staining of spleens of infected mice revealed that the increased CD11b+ cells were primarily MRP14+ mononuclear cells. Together, these results suggest the increased BAFF expression in the spleen of L. donovani-infected mice involves a recruitment of inflammatory macrophages distinct from host macrophages for the parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inflammatory CD11b+ Macrophages Produce BAFF in Spleen of Mice Infected with Leishmania donovani"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Nagai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junya","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4581-4038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chizu","family":"Sanjoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8654-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.260","article-title":"BLyS: Member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family and B Lymphocyte Stimulator","volume":"285","author":"Moore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2694","article-title":"BAFF\/BLyS Can Potentiate B-Cell Selection with the B-Cell Coreceptor Complex","volume":"103","author":"Hase","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324692","article-title":"The Anti-apoptotic Factor Bcl-2 Can Functionally Substitute for the B\u2004Cell Survival but Not for the Marginal Zone B\u2004Cell Differentiation Activity of BAFF","volume":"34","author":"Tardivel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. 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