{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:27:34Z","timestamp":1792189654433,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)","award":["#72068719CA0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#72068719CA0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak occurred in at least five regions of Madagascar in 2021. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the richness, abundance, ecology, and trophic preferences of mosquitoes in the Mananjary district and to investigate the distribution of mosquitoes that were RT-PCR-positive for RVFV. Three localities were prospected from 26 April to 4 May 2021, using light traps, BG-Sentinel traps baited with an artificial human odor, Muirhead-Thomson pit traps, and indoor pyrethroid spray catches. A total of 2806 mosquitoes belonging to at least 26 species were collected. Of 512 monospecific pools of mosquitoes tested with real-time RT-PCR, RVFV was detected in 37 pools representing 10 mosquito species. The RVFV-positive species were as follows: Aedes albopictus, Ae. argenteopunctatus, Anopheles coustani, An. gambiae s.l., An. mascarensis, An. squamosus\/cydippis, Culex antennatus, Cx. decens, Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus, and Uranotaenia spp. Of the 450 tested engorged females, 78.7% had taken a blood meal on humans, 92.9% on cattle, and 71.6% had taken mixed (human\u2013cattle) blood meals. This investigation suggests the potential role of mosquitoes in RVFV transmission within this epizootic\/epidemic context and that the human populations at the three study sites were highly exposed to mosquitoes. Therefore, the use of impregnated mosquito nets as an appropriate prevention method is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An Entomological Investigation during a Recent Rift Valley Fever Epizootic\/Epidemic Reveals New Aspects of the Vectorial Transmission of the Virus in Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Micha\u00ebl","family":"Tantely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6397-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soa Fy","family":"Andriamandimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maminirina Fidelis","family":"Ambinintsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manou Rominah","family":"Raharinirina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Th\u00e9ophile","family":"Rafisandratantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Ravalohery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aina","family":"Harimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirina Nantenaina","family":"Ranoelison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judickaelle","family":"Irinantenaina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miamina Fidy","family":"Ankasitrahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Veille Sanitaire, de la Surveillance Epid\u00e9miologique et Ripostes, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dany Bakoly","family":"Ranoaritiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de la Veille Sanitaire, de la Surveillance Epid\u00e9miologique et Ripostes, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7069-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Randrianasolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-8827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rindra Vatosoa","family":"Randremanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Lacoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1931-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Dussart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8084-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700340418","article-title":"Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever, an undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa","volume":"34","author":"Daubney","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2174\/156652405774962263","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever Virus","volume":"5","author":"Flick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Coetzer, J.A.W., Thomson, G.R., and Tustin, R.C. (1994). Infectious Diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to Southern Africa, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.136","article-title":"Vector competence of egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"54","author":"Turell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400062434","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya","volume":"95","author":"Linthicum","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"643","article-title":"Principales maladies infectieuses et parasitaires du b\u00e9tail, Europe et r\u00e9gions chaudes, Tec and Doc, Paris","volume":"1824","author":"Blancou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. De L\u2019acad\u00e9mie V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire De Fr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009806","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife","volume":"136","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Experimental Rift Valley fever in calves, goats, and pigs","volume":"23","author":"Easterday","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Coetzer, J.A., and Tustin, R.C. (2004). Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Oxford university Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rissmann, M., Kley, N., Ulrich, R., Stoek, F., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Eiden, M., and Groschup, M.H. (2020). Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111206"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"107","article-title":"Rift Valley fever, isolation of the virus from wild mosquitoes","volume":"29","author":"Smithburn","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"AFSSA (2008). Risque de Propagation de la Fi\u00e8vre de la Vall\u00e9e du Rift FVR dans l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien La R\u00e9union et Mayotte, AFSSA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"CDC (2000). 2000 Update, Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever. Saudi Arabia, August\u2013November 2000. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 49, 982\u2013985."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90178-2","article-title":"Possible Rift Valley Fever outbreak in man and cattle in Madagascar","volume":"85","author":"Morvan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.102031","article-title":"Rift Valley fever in ruminants, republic of Comoros, 2009","volume":"17","author":"Roger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.081045","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever, Mayotte, 2007\u20132008","volume":"15","author":"Sissoko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0421","article-title":"A review of mosquitoes associated with Rift Valley fever virus in Madagascar","volume":"92","author":"Tantely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"941","article-title":"Rainfall and epizootic Rift valley Fever","volume":"63","author":"Davies","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.265","article-title":"Enzootic activity of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal","volume":"56","author":"Zeller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.23.2.1505","article-title":"Epidemiological processes involved in the emergence of vector borne diseases West Nile Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Japanese Encephalitis and Crimean-Congo Fever","volume":"23","author":"Chevalier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Davies, F.G. (1998). Rift Valley Fever and Livestock Trade from the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya), FAO."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"247","article-title":"Le programme arbovirus de l\u2019Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Bilan actuel","volume":"48","author":"Clerc","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Mad."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arbovirus transmission cycles in Madagascar","volume":"55","author":"Fontenille","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90070-J","article-title":"Rift Valley fever on the east coast of Madagascar","volume":"142","author":"Morvan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(06)80134-2","article-title":"Rift Valley fever epizootic in Central Highlands of Madagascar","volume":"143","author":"Morvan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Zeller, H.G., and Roux, J. (1998). Surveillance de la Fi\u00e8vre de la Vall\u00e9e du Rift \u00e0 Madagascar, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar. Rapport Final du Projet Janvier 1996 mars 1998."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WOAH (2023). 25th Conference of WOAH. Analysis of the Animal Health Situation in Members on the Region during 2021 and 2022, Regional Commission for Africa."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Corso, B., Pinto, J., Beltr\u00e0n-Alcrudo, D., De Simone, L., and Lubroth, J. (2008). Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks in Madagascar and Potential Risks to Neighbouring Countries, FAO Empress Watch."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"WHO (2008). Rift Valley fever, Madagascar. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 83, 157\u2013168."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091266","article-title":"Rift Valley Fever during rainy seasons, Madagascar, 2008 and 2009","volume":"16","author":"Andriamandimby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Em. Inf. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0031","article-title":"Detection, isolation, and genetic characterisation of Rift Valley Fever virus from Anopheles (Anopheles) coustani, Anopheles (Anopheles) squamosus, Culex (Culex) antennatus of the Haute Matsiatra region, Madagascar","volume":"11","author":"Ratovonjato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoo. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0249","article-title":"Prevalence of Rift Valley Fever infection in ruminants in Madagascar after the 2008 outbreak","volume":"11","author":"Jeanmaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoo. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35658-z","article-title":"Diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains in Culicine mosquitoes from Madagascar","volume":"8","author":"Jeffries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12291","article-title":"Vector competence of Culex antennatus and Anopheles coustani mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus in Madagascar","volume":"32","author":"Nepomichene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Les Aedes de Madagascar (Diptera-Culicidae). \u00c9tude monographique du genre. 2. Biologie d\u2019Aedes (Diceromyia) tiptoni","volume":"87","author":"Ravaonjanahary","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trav. Doc. L\u2019orstom"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Grj\u00e9bine, A. (1966). Insectes Dipt\u00e8res Culicidae Anophelinae, ORSTOM. Faune de Madagascar."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"83","article-title":"\u00c9tude des Culicidae de la r\u00e9gion de Vangaindrano (Diptera)","volume":"6","author":"Doucet","year":"1951","journal-title":"M\u00e9m. Inst. Sci. Mad."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Edwards, F.W. (1941). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. III. Culicine Adults and Pupae, British Museum (Natural History)."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Insectes Dipt\u00e8res Culicidae Culicinae Genre Orthopodomyia de la sous-r\u00e9gion malgache et de la r\u00e9gion afrotropicale","volume":"85","author":"Brunhes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"da Cunha Ramos, H., and Brunhes, J. (2004). Insecta, Diptera, Culicidae, Uranotaenia. Faune de Madagascar 91, CIRAD. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10123","article-title":"Host blood meal identification by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for dispersal evidence of stable flies (Diptera, Muscidae) between livestock facilities","volume":"48","author":"Pitzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.001","article-title":"Rapid detection of important human pathogenic Phleboviruses","volume":"41","author":"Weidmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing, R Core Team. Available online: https:\/\/www.R\u2013project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Odongo, N., Garcia, M., and Viljoen, G. (2010). Rift Valley fever, Disease ecology and early warning. Sustainable Management of Animal Production and Health, FAO."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1603\/ME12069","article-title":"Biology of mosquitoes that are potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus in different biotopes of the Central Highlands of Madagascar","volume":"50","author":"Tantely","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-1004-9","article-title":"Malaria case in Madagascar.; probable implication of a new vector, Anopheles coustani","volume":"14","author":"Nepomichene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"13","article-title":"Mosquito species associated with horses in Madagascar, A review of their vector status with regard to the epidemiology of West Nile fever","volume":"36","author":"Tantely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.017","article-title":"Anthropophilic mosquitoes and malaria transmission in the eastern foothills of the central highlands of Madagascar","volume":"116","author":"Andrianaivolambo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta. Trop."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017005","article-title":"Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile Virus endemic area in Madagascar","volume":"24","author":"Tantely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontenille, D., and Powell, J.R. (2020). From anonymous to public enemy, how does a mosquito become a feared Arbovirus vector?. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040265"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016018","article-title":"An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) from Madagascar","volume":"23","author":"Tantely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.28","article-title":"Is Anopheles mascarensis a new malaria vector in Madagascar?","volume":"46","author":"Fontenille","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0914-7","article-title":"Blood-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in Mwea rice scheme, Kenya","volume":"102","author":"Muturi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12122","article-title":"Species composition and blood meal analysis of mosquitoes collected from a tourist island, Koh Chang, Thailand","volume":"39","author":"Khaklang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.78.4.241","article-title":"Laboratory Transmission of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus by Three Genera of Mosquitoes","volume":"78","author":"Hammon","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"391","article-title":"Rift Valley fever. 1. Vector studies in the field","volume":"43","author":"McIntosh","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"502","article-title":"Potential for North American mosquitoes to transmit Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"24","author":"Turell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x","article-title":"The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia, mosquito vector studies","volume":"16","author":"Jupp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-2-33","article-title":"Distribution of the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex and first evidence of Anopheles merus as a malaria vector in Madagascar","volume":"2","author":"Duchemin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Malaria J."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"65","article-title":"Role of Culex and Anopheles mosquito species as potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus in Sudan outbreak, 2007","volume":"10","author":"Seufi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0009","article-title":"Potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus in the Mediterranean Region","volume":"8","author":"Moutailler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"94","article-title":"Vector competence of a Houston, Texas strain of Aedes albopictus for Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"4","author":"Turell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"4","article-title":"Vector competence tests with Rift Valley fever virus and five south African species of mosquito","volume":"4","author":"Jupp","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-009-0260-y","article-title":"Examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Junglen","year":"2009","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19506","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19506-en","article-title":"Rift Valley fever\u2014A threat for Europe?","volume":"15","author":"Chevalier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Observations sur les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences alimentaires des moustiques de la R\u00e9publique de Haute-Volta","volume":"57","author":"Hamon","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"102","article-title":"Rainfall patterns and population dynamics of Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis, Patton 1905 (Diptera, Culicidae).; a potential vector of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal","volume":"30","author":"Mondet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vector. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"193","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie de la filariose de Bancroft \u00e0 Madagascar. II. Recherches sur Wuchereria voceli Galliard.; 1959 et \u00e9tude morphologique compar\u00e9e des souches malgache et comorienne de Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, 1877","volume":"10","author":"Brunhes","year":"1972","journal-title":"S\u00e9r. Ent. M\u00e9d. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.107","article-title":"Malaria transmission and vector biology in Manarintsoa, High Plateaux of Madagascar","volume":"43","author":"Fontenille","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice, B.L., Golden, C.D., Randriamady, H.J., Rakotomalala, A.A.N.A., Vonona, M.A., Anjaranirina, E.J.G., Hazen, J., Castro, M.C., Metcalf, J.E., and Hartl, D.L. (2021). Fine-scale variation in malaria prevalence across ecological regions in Madagascar, a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11090-3"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.407","article-title":"Facilitation of Rift Valley Fever virus transmission by Plasmodium berghei sporozoites in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes","volume":"55","author":"Vaughan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"396","article-title":"Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector","volume":"40","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607948114","article-title":"Drivers of Rift Valley fever epidemics in Madagascar","volume":"114","author":"Lancelot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.7.883","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"234","author":"Bird","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023819","article-title":"Rift Valley fever, an emerging mosquito-borne disease","volume":"61","author":"Linthicum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2884-7","article-title":"Competence of mosquitoes native to the United Kingdom to support replication and transmission of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"11","author":"Lumley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Par. Vect."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Beran, G.W. (1994). Handbook of Zoonoses, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/3\/258\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:14:34Z","timestamp":1760105674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/3\/258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13030258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13030258","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]}}}