{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:35:25Z","timestamp":1782282925112,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (PRF)","award":["78566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78566"]}]},{"name":"The National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["78566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78566"]}]},{"name":"University of Pretoria","award":["78566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78566"]}]},{"name":"UP postgraduate research bursary","award":["78566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["78566"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From 1993 to 1994, 64 free-ranging elephants (Loxodonta africana) succumbed to encephalomyocarditis in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, of which 83% were adult bulls. Mastomys rodents were implicated as the reservoir host of the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) based on serology and RT-PCR. However, in the absence of sequence-confirmation of both the virus and the rodent host, definitive links between the elephant outbreak strains and rodent reservoir could not be established. In this study, we generate the first reference genome sequences for three historical EMCVs isolated from two Mastomys rodents and one Mastomys-associated mite, Laelaps muricola, in Gauteng Province, South Africa, in 1961. In addition, near-complete genome sequences were generated for two elephant outbreak virus strains, for which data were previously limited to the P1 and 3D genome regions. The consensus sequence of each virus was determined using a PCR-Sanger sequencing approach. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the three near-identical (99.95\u201399.97%) Mastomys-associated viruses to be sister to the two near-identical (99.85%) elephant outbreak strains, differing from each other at 6.4% of sites across the ~7400-nucleotide region characterised. This study demonstrates a link between Mastomys-associated viruses and the historical elephant outbreak strains and implicates Mastomys as reservoirs of EMCV in South Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:36:31Z","timestamp":1710822991000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genome Sequencing of Historical Encephalomyocarditis Viruses from South Africa Links the Historical 1993\/4 Savanna Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Outbreak to Cryptic Mastomys Rodents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5537-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"van Meer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz T.","family":"Paw\u0119ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Swanepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"Grobbelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9223-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armanda D.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"King, A.M.Q., Lefkowitz, E., Adams, M.J., and Carstens, E.B. 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