{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1764175633306,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology (PASET)"},{"name":"PASET-RSIF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential danger to livestock from African animal trypanosomiasis is well known. However, the trypanosome species circulating in cattle and their genetics are poorly understood. After different alignments according to three regions (ITS1, gGAPDH and rRNA gene) of the trypanosome genome, phylogenetic analyses were used to show the genetic diversity of the different species that were circulating in the cattle in three regions (Bagoue, Poro and Tchologo) of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. These analyses were performed by alignment of ITS1; by alignment of partial 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and partial 28S rRNA genes; and by alignment of gGAPDH gene with sequences of Trypanosomes found in GenBank. Three species were identified (T. vivax, T. theileri and T. congolense) in the cattle in the three northern regions of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. T. vivax and T. theileri were the most abundant species in the present study. Contrary to the other primers used in this study, the ITS1 primers were not able to amplify T. theileri. We observed mixed infections between T. theileri and the other two species identified (T. vivax and T. congolense). As far as primers are concerned, in some cases, rRNA was able to identify the same species of trypanosomes that the ITS1 and gGAPDH primers were able to identify. Two main distinct groups of T. theileri complex were identified. The T. congolense and T. vivax strains were close to African strains, such as those from Kenya, Nigeria and Cameroon, unlike the T. theileri strain. Three trypanosome species (T. vivax, T. theileri and T. congolense) circulate in cattle in the Savannah district of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. The genetic diversity of the trypanosome species encountered in this study cannot be classified as intraspecies according to geographical area and breed of cattle they infect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:36:31Z","timestamp":1710822991000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Trypanosomes Infesting Cattle from Savannah District in North of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire Using Conserved Genomic Signatures: rRNA, ITS1 and gGAPDH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6617-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Ekra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"},{"name":"SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliakunda Michael","family":"Mafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67125, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edouard K.","family":"N\u2019Goran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) des Sciences Biologiques, D\u00e9partement de Biochimie-G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, Universit\u00e9 Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, Korhogo BP1328, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7103-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dramane","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche \u00abTrypanosomoses\u00bb, Institut Pierre Richet 01, Bouak\u00e9 BP1500, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bi\u00e9go Guillaume","family":"Gragnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National d\u2019Appui au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole (LANADA), Korhogo BP1328, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagan","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2017.12755","article-title":"Review on Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Semayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. 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