{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:28:22Z","timestamp":1775561302188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin","award":["WFB-431-02\/S\/12\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WFB-431-02\/S\/12\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. A distinct group at increased risk of infection is military personnel deployed overseas for extended periods, typically six months at a time. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and other intestinal parasites in Polish military personnel returning from deployments to Lebanon (n = 206) and Iraq (n = 220). In this group of subjects, we found Blastocystis spp. (13.6%), Dientamoeba fragilis (3.3%), Entamoeba coli (0.9%), and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Entamoeba histolytica sensu lato and Chilomastix mesnili infections were detected only in one soldier returning from Lebanon and Iraq, respectively. Blastocystis subtype (ST) 3 was predominant in soldiers returning from Lebanon, followed by ST2 and ST1. ST1 infection was predominant in soldiers returning from Iraq, followed by ST3 and ST2. Our study affirms that, deployment abroad is of no influence of the prevalence of parasitic protozoa. However, it would be worth to monitor parasite infection in military personnel returning from tropical zone even if they have no actual symptoms. In addition, it is very important to determine the subtypes of Blastocystis\u2014this may help to clearly define their pathogenicity, especially considering the scarcity of studies on Blastocystis genotypes in Iraqi and Lebanese residents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T11:37:22Z","timestamp":1711021042000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Blastocystis spp. and Other Intestinal Parasites in Polish Soldiers Deployed to Lebanon and Iraq"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta Izabela","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Korzeniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1755-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Koryci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Lepczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Dzika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Marchelek-My\u015bliwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilkman, K., Pakkanen, S.H., L\u00e4\u00e4veri, T., Siikam\u00e4ki, H., and Kantele, A. (2016). Travelers\u2019 health problems and behavior: Prospective study with post-travel follow-up. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1682-0"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dunn, N., Okafor, C.N., and Knizel, J.E. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.299","article-title":"Diarrheal disease incidence and morbidity among United States military personnel during short-term missions overseas","volume":"58","author":"Sanchez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0745-1","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics of intestinal parasites in returning travellers","volume":"28","author":"Vervoort","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taac011","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taac011","article-title":"Persistent abdominal symptoms in returning travellers: Clinical and molecular findings","volume":"29","author":"Biber","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)91025-2","article-title":"The role of Blastocystis hominis as a possible intestinal pathogen in travellers","volume":"35","author":"Jelinek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.011","article-title":"Variable geographic distribution of Blastocystis subtypes and its potential implications","volume":"126","author":"Alfellani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.06.006","article-title":"Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy","volume":"67","author":"Caradonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20A.2.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.17","article-title":"Molecular Identification and subtype analysis of Blastocystis","volume":"43","author":"Stensvold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas-Vel\u00e1zquez, L., Mor\u00e1n, P., Serrano-V\u00e1zquez, A., Portillo-Bobadilla, T., Gonz\u00e1lez, E., P\u00e9rez-Ju\u00e1rez, H., Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Partida-Rodr\u00edguez, O., Nieves-Ram\u00edrez, M., and Padilla, A. (2022). The regulatory function of Blastocystis spp. on the immune inflammatory response in the gut microbiome. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.967724"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosik-Bogacka, D., Lepczy\u0144ska, M., Kot, K., Szkup, M., \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., Dzika, E., and Grochans, E. (2021). Prevalence, subtypes and risk factors of Blastocystis spp. infection among pre- and perimenopausal women. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06815-z"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141anocha, A., \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., Wilczy\u0144ska, D., Zdziarska, B., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2022). Protozoan intestinal parasitic infection in patients with hematological malignancies. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11102847"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudzi\u0144ska, M., and Sikorska, K. (2023). Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection: A review of data from Poland in relation to other reports. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12081050"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darwish, B., Aboualchamat, G., and Al Nahhas, S. (2023). Molecular characterization of Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic patients from the southern region of Syria. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283291"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-015-0005-6","article-title":"A cross-sectional analysis of clinical presentations of and risk factors for enteric protozoan Infections in an Active Duty Population during Operation Iraqi Freedom","volume":"1","author":"Downs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0344","article-title":"The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and other protozoan parasites in soldiers returning from peacekeeping missions","volume":"92","author":"Duda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-15","article-title":"Dientamoeba fragilis, the neglected trichomonad of the human bowel","volume":"29","author":"Stark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.06.029","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Dientamoeba fragilis","volume":"184","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5771-4","article-title":"Does Dientamoeba fragilis cause diarrhea? A systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Rollinson, D. (2013). Advances in Parasitology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaled, S., Gantois, N., Ayoubi, A., Even, G., Sawant, M., El Houmayraa, J., Nabot, M., Benamrouz-Vanneste, S., Chab\u00e9, M., and Certad, G. (2021). Blastocystis sp. prevalence and subtypes distribution amongst Syrian refugee communities living in north Lebanon. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010184"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.5603\/IMH.2017.0042","article-title":"Travel health prevention","volume":"68","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Marit. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"845","article-title":"The epidemiological situation in Iraq","volume":"60","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2005). Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, CLSI. Document M100-S15."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, L.S. (2007). Intestinal Protozoa: Amebae, Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, ASM Press.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816018"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1226864","article-title":"Diagnostics of intestinal parasites in light microscopy among the population of children in eastern Afghanistan","volume":"23","author":"Korzeniewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2005.12.001","article-title":"DNA barcoding of Blastocystis","volume":"157","author":"Scicluna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0995-2","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based genotype classification among human Blastocystis hominis populations isolated from different countries","volume":"92","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00520-15","article-title":"Development and application of a Blastocystis subtype-specific PCR assay reveals that mixed-subtype infections are common in a healthy human population","volume":"81","author":"Scanlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2114-8","article-title":"Subtyping of Blastocystis sp. isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0777","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in Lebanon and correlation between subtype 1 and gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"88","author":"Meloni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"S102","article-title":"Study of prevalence, distribution and clinical significance of Blastocystis isolated from two medical centers in Iran","volume":"10","author":"Haghighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"391","article-title":"Phylogenetic tree of Blastocystis hominis in Iraqi children in Salah AL-Deen province, Iraq","volume":"68","author":"Abdulwahhab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07731-0","article-title":"Blastocystis occurrence in water sources worldwide from 2005 to 2022: A review","volume":"122","author":"Attah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"505","article-title":"The possible link between intestinal parasites and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in Diyala Province, Iraq","volume":"67","author":"Wadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_106_20","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Entamoeba, Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium species in stool samples collected from Jordanian patients suffering from gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"Hijjawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v8.i4.201","article-title":"Protozoan parasites in irritable bowel syndrome: A case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Jadallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.10.756","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal variation of human intestinal parasites in patients attending hospital with abdominal symptoms in Northern Jordan","volume":"22","author":"Jaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.4.455","article-title":"Subtype distribution of Blastocystis in communities along the Chao Phraya River, Thailand","volume":"54","author":"Palasuwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osman, M., El Safadi, D., Cian, A., Benamrouz, S., Nourrisson, C., Poirier, P., Pereira, B., Razakandrainibe, R., Pinon, A., and Lambert, C. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoan infections with Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Blastocystis and Dientamoeba among schoolchildren in Tripoli, Lebanon. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004496"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrzak-Maky\u0142a, B., Korzeniewski, K., G\u0142adysz, P., and Lass, A. (2023). Detection and molecular characterization of Blastocystis species in Polish soldiers stationed in the Republic of Kosovo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814100"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.658","article-title":"Evidence of waterborne transmission of Blastocystis hominis","volume":"70","author":"Leelayoova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.762","article-title":"Incidence, etiology, and impact of diarrhea among deployed US military personnel in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom","volume":"75","author":"Monteville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-08","article-title":"New insights on classification, identification, and clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2975-5","article-title":"Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. isolates from poultry in Lebanon and evidence of zoonotic potential","volume":"11","author":"Greige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0833-z","article-title":"Pathophysiological variability of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis Egyptian isolates in experimentally infected rats","volume":"102","author":"Hussein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"235","article-title":"Prevalence and subtype identification of Blastocystis isolated from humans in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran","volume":"10","author":"Salehi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.507.101","article-title":"Blastocystis hominis detection among gastrointestinal disorders\u2019 patients in Kirkuk Province using three different laboratory methods","volume":"5","author":"Hammood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1637-8","article-title":"High occurrence of Blastocystis sp. subtypes 1-3 and Giardia intestinalis assemblage B among patients in Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Forsell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoshnood, S., Rafiei, A., Saki, J., and Alizadeh, K. (2015). Prevalence and genotype characterization of Blastocystis hominis Among the Baghmalek People in Southwestern Iran in 2013\u20132014. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.23930"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-009-0073-8","article-title":"Current views on the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13064","article-title":"Mysterious chronic urticaria caused by Blastocystis spp.?","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarzhanov, F., Dogruman-Al, F., Santin, M., Maloney, J.G., Gureser, A.S., Karasartova, D., and Taylan-Ozkan, A. (2021). Investigation of neglected protists Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient diarrheal patients using both conventional and molecular methods. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009779"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/162.6.396","article-title":"Enteropathogens associated with diarrhea among military personnel during Operation Bright Star 96, in Alexandria, Egypt","volume":"162","author":"Oyofo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Biological analysis of workers in the food sector in north Lebanon","volume":"14","author":"Naja","year":"2008","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piubelli, C., Soleymanpoor, H., Giorli, G., Formenti, F., Buonfrate, D., Bisoffi, Z., and Perandin, F. (2019). Blastocystis prevalence and subtypes in autochthonous and immigrant patients in a referral centre for parasitic infections in Italy. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210171"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.2.1.14755","article-title":"A review of Dientamoeba fragilis carriage in humans: Several reasons why this organism should be considered in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness","volume":"2","author":"Barratt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jirk\u016f, M., Ka\u0161parov\u00e1, A., Lhotsk\u00e1, Z., Oborn\u00edk, M., Bro\u017eov\u00e1, K., Petr\u017eelkov\u00e1, K.J., Sama\u0161, P., Kadlecov\u00e1, O., Stensvold, C.R., and Jirk\u016f, K. (2022). A cross-sectional study on the occurrence of the intestinal protist, Dientamoeba fragilis, in the gut-healthy volunteers and their animals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315407"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/3\/271\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:38Z","timestamp":1760105858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/3\/271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13030271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13030271","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}