{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:28:10Z","timestamp":1790026090027,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNIR-itei","award":["005\/23 (VS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["005\/23 (VS)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is highly prevalent globally. Over 250 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis B, and more than 800,000 patients die each year due to hepatitis B complications, including liver cancer. Although protective HBV vaccines are recommended for all newborns, global coverage is suboptimal. In adults, sexual transmission is by far the most frequent route of contagion. The WHO estimates that 1.5 million new HBV infections occur annually. Oral nucleos(t)ide analogues entecavir and tenofovir are the most frequent antivirals prescribed as HBV therapy. Almost all patients adherent to the medication achieve undetectable plasma viremia beyond 6 months of monotherapy. However, less than 5% achieve anti-HBs seroconversion, and viral rebound occurs following drug discontinuation. Therefore, nucleos(t)ide analogues need to be lifelong. New long-acting formulations of tenofovir and entecavir are being developed that will maximize treatment benefit and overcome adherence barriers. Furthermore, new antiviral agents are in development, including entry inhibitors, capside assembly modulators, and RNA interference molecules. The use of combination therapy pursues a functional HBV cure, meaning it is negative for both circulating HBV-DNA and HBsAg. Even when this goal is achieved, the cccDNA reservoir within infected hepatocytes remains a signal of past infection, and HBV can reactivate under immune suppression. Therefore, new gene therapies, including gene editing, are eagerly being pursued to silence or definitively disrupt HBV genomes within infected hepatocytes and, in this way, ultimately cure hepatitis B. At this time, three actions can be taken to push HBV eradication globally: (1) expand universal newborn HBV vaccination; (2) perform once-in-life testing of all adults to identify susceptible HBV persons that could be vaccinated (or re-vaccinated) and unveil asymptomatic carriers that could benefit from treatment; and (3) provide earlier antiviral therapy to chronic HBV carriers, as being aviremic reduces the risk of both clinical progression and transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1711892377000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prospects for Controlling Hepatitis B Globally"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Soriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Moreno-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, 28010 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Trevi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0043-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"de Jes\u00fas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6756-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavio","family":"Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, 28010 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"de Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Polaris Observatory Collaborators (2023). Global prevalence, cascade of care, and prophylaxis coverage of hepatitis B in 2022: A modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 8, 879\u2013907."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 03). Hepatitis B. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.10.048","article-title":"What is needed to eliminate hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus as global health threats","volume":"156","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15548","article-title":"Susceptibility to hepatitis B virus infection in adults living in Spain","volume":"43","author":"Soriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01468-4","article-title":"Hepatitis B","volume":"401","author":"Jeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2049936120965027","article-title":"Advances in hepatitis B therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2211764","article-title":"New approaches to chronic hepatitis B","volume":"388","author":"Dusheiko","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WHO (2024, March 03). Global Health Sector Strategies on, Respectively, HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections for the Period 2022\u20132030. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240053779."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.02.032","article-title":"New perspectives on development of curative strategies for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"21","author":"Feld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"162","article-title":"Pre-exposure prophylaxis of non-HIV viral infections and the role of long-acting antivirals","volume":"25","author":"Soriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.01.017","article-title":"Eliminating cccDNA to cure hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"78","author":"Zoulim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geta, M., Yizengaw, E., and Manyazewal, T. (2024). Hepatitis B vaccine effectiveness among vaccinated children in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04557-w"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30780-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a tri-antigenic versus a mono-antigenic hepatitis B vaccine in adults (PROTECT): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"21","author":"Vesikari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Screening and testing for hepatitis B virus infection: CDC recommendations\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Conners","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2806","article-title":"Universal adult hepatitis B screening and vaccination as the path to elimination","volume":"329","author":"So","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anvari, S., and Tsoi, K. (2024). Hepatitis B virus reactivation with immunosuppression: A hidden threat?. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020393"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17280","article-title":"Impact of potent nucleos(t)ide therapy on hepatitis B hospitalizations in Spain","volume":"57","author":"Barreiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30692-7","article-title":"Once-daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in treatment-na\u00efve Taiwanese patients with chronic hepatitis B and minimally raised alanine aminotransferase (TORCH-B): A multicentre, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomised trial","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000459","article-title":"Antiviral therapy substantially reduces hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B patients in the indeterminate phase","volume":"78","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100847","article-title":"Tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate reduce incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5148","article-title":"Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"316","author":"Rodger","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad500.1318","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad500.1318","article-title":"Combined \u2018test and treat\u2019 campaigns for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C: A systematic review to provide evidence to support WHO treatment guidelines","volume":"10","author":"Beard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101360","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus: Replication cycle, targets, and antiviral approaches","volume":"63","author":"Nasser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S379964","article-title":"Bulevirtide in the treatment of hepatitis delta: Drug discovery, clinical development and place in therapy","volume":"17","author":"Soriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit145","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of antiretroviral therapy on hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"56","author":"Gatanaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000180","article-title":"Protective effect of hepatitis B virus-active antiretroviral therapy against primary hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"28","author":"Heuft","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw195","article-title":"Dually active HIV\/HBV antiretrovirals as protection against incident hepatitis B infections: Potential for prophylaxis","volume":"214","author":"Shilaih","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30342-X","article-title":"Addressing the global burden of hepatitis B virus while developing long-acting injectables for the prevention and treatment of HIV","volume":"7","author":"Bollinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/08971900221078742","article-title":"Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in adults with chronic liver disease","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besombes, J., Souala, F., Bouguen, G., Guyader, D., Grolhier, C., Thibault, V., and Pronier, C. (2022). Acute hepatitis B virus infection despite vaccination in a patient treated by infliximab: A case report. BMC Gastroenterol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-022-02397-5"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Xia, H., He, Y., Zeng, S., Shen, Z., and Huang, W. (2023). The progress of molecules and strategies for the treatment of HBV infection. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1128807"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0012","article-title":"RNA interference as a novel treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"28","author":"Hui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210027","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bepirovirsen in chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"387","author":"Yuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.102112","article-title":"Cytosine base editing inhibits hepatitis B virus replication and reduces HBsAg expression in vitro and in vivo","volume":"35","author":"Smekalova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.05.013","article-title":"Targeting the hepatitis B cccDNA with a sequence-specific ARCUS nuclease to eliminate hepatitis B virus in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Gorsuch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.006","article-title":"Targeting hepatitis B virus DNA using designer gene editors","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasianchuk, N., Dobrowolska, K., Harkava, S., Bretcan, A., Zar\u0119bska-Michaluk, D., Jaroszewicz, J., Flisiak, R., and Rzymski, P. (2023). Gene-editing and RNA interference in treating hepatitis B: A review. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122395"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25690-5","article-title":"Transformation of tenofovir into stable ProTide nanocrystals with long-acting pharmacokinetic profiles","volume":"12","author":"Cobb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade9582","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade9582","article-title":"An ultralong-acting tenofovir ProTide nanoformulation achieves monthslong HBV suppression","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogunnaike, M., Das, S., Raut, S., Sultana, A., Nayan, M., Ganesan, M., Edagwa, B., Osna, N., and Poluektova, L. (2023). Chronic hepatitis B infection: New approaches towards cure. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081208"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.052","article-title":"Ultra-long-acting (XLA) antivirals for chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"114","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.052","article-title":"Entecavir-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres for long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B: Preparation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"560","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034","article-title":"Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Raimondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2049936120982122","article-title":"Overt and occult hepatitis B among immigrants and native blood donors in Madrid, Spain","volume":"7","author":"Barea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2525","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2525","article-title":"Biomarkers of transfusion transmitted occult hepatitis B virus infection: Where are we and what next?","volume":"34","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001417","article-title":"Occult hepatitis B and HIV infection","volume":"31","author":"Soriano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2212151","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"389","author":"Asselah","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.23242","article-title":"Hepatitis D: A review","volume":"330","author":"Negro","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Polaris Observatory Collaborators (2024). Adjusted estimate of the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus in 25 countries and territories. J. Hepatol., 80, 232\u2013242."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.041","article-title":"Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV\/HDV-prevalence countries","volume":"79","author":"Razavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834babb3","article-title":"Hepatitis delta in HIV-infected individuals in Europe","volume":"25","author":"Soriano","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.05.010","article-title":"Triple threat: HDV, HBV, HIV coinfection","volume":"27","author":"Yen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.030","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis D and hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"73","author":"Alfaiate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003024","article-title":"Hepatitis delta in patients hospitalized in Spain (1997\u20132018)","volume":"35","author":"Pinargote","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14838","article-title":"New therapies for hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"41","author":"Loureiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213429","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized trial of bulevirtide in chronic hepatitis D","volume":"389","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16945","article-title":"Response-guided long-term treatment of chronic hepatitis D patients with bulevirtide-results of a \u00abreal world\u00bb study","volume":"56","author":"Jachs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32259","article-title":"A phase 2 dose-finding study of lonafarnib and ritonavir with or without interferon alpha for chronic delta hepatitis","volume":"75","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30058-1","article-title":"PS-052-End of study results from LIMT HDV study: 36% durable virologic response at 24 weeks post-treatment with peginterferon lambda mono-therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection","volume":"70","author":"Etzion","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0177","article-title":"Envisioning a hepatitis delta cure with new antivirals","volume":"16","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.010","article-title":"Bulevirtide with or without pegIFN\u03b1 for patients with compensated chronic hepatitis delta: From clinical trials to real-world studies","volume":"77","author":"Lampertico","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29658","article-title":"Optimizing lonafarnib treatment for the management of chronic delta hepatitis: The LOWR HDV-1 study","volume":"67","author":"Yurdaydin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10365-0","article-title":"Liver cancer and hepatic decompensation events in patients hospitalized with viral hepatitis in Spain","volume":"16","author":"Barreiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32741","article-title":"Attacking the public health crisis of hepatocellular carcinoma at its roots","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00760-9","article-title":"Global burden of hepatitis B virus: Current status, missed opportunities and a call for action","volume":"20","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000496","article-title":"Reassessing antiviral treatment criteria for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"78","author":"Lok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100738","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of expanded antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China: An economic evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/4\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:12Z","timestamp":1760106072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/4\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13040291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13040291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]}}}