{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:07:02Z","timestamp":1776179222203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR-French National funding agency (Project Animal health politics: PAN, the government of animals)"},{"name":"European project Parasol (Parasite solutions)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal nematodes are common in grazing sheep, but the intensity of the infection is not easily appreciated by farmers. For decades, they have relied on anthelmintic treatments to control these gastrointestinal nematodes. This has led to anthelmintic resistance and poor control of infection in most regions of the world. Using face-to-face semidirective interviews with farmers, we recorded their views on gastrointestinal nematode infection and its control. Ten organic and nine conventional meat sheep farmers from central France and 20 milk sheep farmers from the Basque region were interviewed and the data were analysed using a health model based on the importance of the disease and the barriers to implementing control. It was found that gastrointestinal nematodes were not the main health concern, and therefore farmers were not willing to invest too much time and money in their control. The conventional farmers relied on their veterinarians (the experts) to organise and select the anthelmintics, although they complained about the limited investment of their veterinarians in this matter. Organic farmers complained about their lack of knowledge about complementary and alternative medicines. Farmers rarely used faecal egg counts to build control of gastrointestinal nematodes and were unaware of the intensity of their infection. Knowledge of anthelmintic resistance was general (it exists) but farmers did not know if it existed on their farm. Resistance was often considered to have come from elsewhere, so the farmer did not feel at fault and did not take measures to prevent resistance. There is a need for all stakeholders to use faecal egg counts to assess the intensity of infection as well as the level of anthelmintic resistance to establish individual farm control programmes rather than standard blanket treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T10:58:31Z","timestamp":1712055511000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Farmers\u2019 and Experts\u2019 Knowledge Coping with Sheep Health, Control and Anthelmintic Resistance of Their Gastrointestinal Nematodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7379-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Cabaret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE and University F. Rabelais, ISP UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Nicourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, CNRS and University Paris-Dauphine, IRISSO, Place Mar\u00e9chal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Anonymus (2024, March 08). The Sheep and Goat Sector in the EU 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2017\/608663\/EPRS_BRI(2017)608663."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, March 08). Interbev L\u2019essentiel de la Fili\u00e8re Ovine Fran\u00e7aise 2023. Available online: http:\/\/www.interbev.fr\/interbev\/chiffres-cl\u00e9s."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e9tang-Dessendre, C., and Guyomard, H. (2023). Evolving the Common Agricultural Policy for Tomorrow\u2019s Challenges, Quae.","DOI":"10.35690\/978-2-7592-3716-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.018","article-title":"Current management of farms and internal parasites by conventional and organic meat sheep French farmers and acceptance of targeted selective Treatments","volume":"164","author":"Cabaret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabaret, J., Mercier, M., Mahieu, M., and Alexandre, G. (2023). Farmers\u2019Views and Tools Compared with Laboratory Evaluations of Parasites of Meat Goats in French West Indies. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030422"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.08.004","article-title":"A survey of helminth control practices on sheep farms in Great Britain and Ireland","volume":"192","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-64-4","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematode control practices on lowland sheep farms in Ireland with reference to selection for anthelmintic resistance","volume":"64","author":"Patten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.2174\/1874318801105010002","article-title":"The Eye of the Farmer and Detection of Animals in Need of Anthelmintic Treatment in Organic Meat Sheep Flocks","volume":"5","author":"Bouilhol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Vet. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"575","article-title":"Dairy goat farms in Touraine. I. Management, parasitism and estimation of disease in adult goats","volume":"162","author":"Cabaret","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rec. M\u00e9d. V\u00e9t."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.016","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and multidrug resistance in sheep gastro-intestinal nematodes in France, Greece and Italy","volume":"201","author":"Geurden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-607","article-title":"Danish Stable Schools for Experiential Common Learning in Groups of Organic Dairy Farmers","volume":"90","author":"Vaarst","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105594","article-title":"Determining the influence of socio-psychological factors on the adoption of individual \u2018best practice\u2019 parasite control behaviours from Scottish sheep farmers","volume":"200","author":"Jack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2012191053","article-title":"Contrasting views of animal healthcare providers on worm control practices for sheep and goats in an arid environment","volume":"19","author":"Saddiqi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, March 08). Wormboss. Available online: https:\/\/wormboss.com.au\/worm-control-program-for-sheep\/."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericsson, K.A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P.J., and Hoffman, R.R. (2006). The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816796"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.018","article-title":"Veterinarian awareness of farmer goals and attitudes to herd health management in The Netherlands","volume":"198","author":"Derks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10379","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16364","article-title":"To change or not to change? Veterinarian and farmer perceptions of relational factors influencing the enactment of veterinary advice on dairy farms in the United Kingdom","volume":"102","author":"Bard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00309-3","article-title":"Animal health problems in organic farming: Subjective and objective assessments and farmers\u2019 actions","volume":"80","author":"Cabaret","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livestock Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.09.009","article-title":"Sheep farmer opinions on the current and future role of veterinarians in flock health management on sheep farms: A qualitative study","volume":"112","author":"Kaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.09.008","article-title":"Perceptions of French private veterinary practitioners on their role in organic dairy farms and opportunities to improve their advisory services for organic dairy farmers","volume":"133","author":"Duval","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"680","article-title":"Epidemiologic approach to the control of sheep nematodes","volume":"184","author":"Herd","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.6.165","article-title":"Sustainable use of anthelmintics in grazing animals","volume":"156","author":"Coles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000052288","article-title":"Community control of helminth infections of man by mass and selective chemotherapy","volume":"90","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059564","article-title":"Community control of Ascaris lumbricoides in rural Oyo State, Nigeria: Mass, targeted and selective treatment with levamisole","volume":"103","author":"Asaolu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.015","article-title":"The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants","volume":"16","author":"Kenyon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"49","article-title":"Approches sanitaires compar\u00e9es d\u2019\u00e9leveurs ovins allaitants biologiques et conventionnels","volume":"4","author":"Nicourt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Innov. Agron."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Conner, M., and Norman, P. (2005). Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models, Open University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2022.109698","article-title":"World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP) guideline for the evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics in food-producing and companion animals: General guidelines","volume":"304","author":"Geurden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2018.08.016","article-title":"Change it or perish? Drug resistance and the dynamics of livestock farm practices","volume":"63","author":"Bellet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"327","article-title":"A qualitative investigation of the attitudes and practices of farmers and veterinarians in Wales regarding anthelmintic resistance in cattle","volume":"55","author":"Charlton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bacque-Cochard, M. (2004). Petites Exploitations Rurales en Pays Basque Fran\u00e7ais (1850\u20131900). [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e9 Lumi\u00e8re]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1051\/nss:2008033","article-title":"Les \u00e9leveurs et l\u2019estive: Pour une approche compr\u00e9hensive des pratiques pastorales","volume":"16","author":"Eychenne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hugues, E.C. (1971). The Sociological Eye: Selected Papers, Aldane."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, December 01). Tropes V.8. Available online: http:\/\/tropes.fr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ghiglione, R., Kekenbosch, C., and Landr\u00e9, A. (1995). L\u2019Analyse Cognitive-Discursive, PUG."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago-Delafosse, M., and Del Rio Carral, M. (2017). Les M\u00e9thodes Qualitatives en Psychologie et en Sciences Humaines de la Sant\u00e9, Dunod.","DOI":"10.3917\/dunod.santi.2017.01.0003"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/1389224X.2012.707063","article-title":"New challenges in agricultural advisory services from a research perspective: A literature review, synthesis and research agenda","volume":"18","author":"Faure","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Educ. Ext."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Douine, C. (2017). La Gestion Sanitaire en Elevage Ovin Biologique au Pays Basque: La Place du Conseil. M\u00e9moire de fin d\u2019\u00e9tude. [Master\u2019s Thesis, VetagroSup]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"100653","article-title":"Benchmarking Australian sheep parasite control: Changes in gastrointestinal nematode control practices reported from surveys between 2003 and 2019","volume":"26","author":"Colvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00647-1","article-title":"Helminth intensity and diversity in organic meat sheep farms in centre of France","volume":"105","author":"Cabaret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002036","article-title":"The FAMACHA system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically identifying individual animals for treatment","volume":"33","author":"Bath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Jacquiet, P., Alzieu, J.-P., Cabaret, J., Vial-Novella, C., Garrain, C., Minery, S., Arranz, J.-M., Pr\u00e9vot, F., Bergeaud, J.-P., and Grisez, C. (2004). Epid\u00e9miologie compar\u00e9e en Ari\u00e8ge et dans les Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es Atlantiques des brebis \u00e0 l\u2019herbe par les helminthes et par Oestrus ovis. Bull. Group. Tech. V\u00e9t., 303\u2013309."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicourt, C., and Cabaret, J. (2023). Les \u00e9leveurs face aux risques \u00e9pizootiques r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s. Le cas exemplaire des \u00e9leveurs de brebis laiti\u00e8res du pays basque confront\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019agalactie contagieuse. Bull. Acad. V\u00e9t. Fr.","DOI":"10.3406\/bavf.2023.71030"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002030","article-title":"Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum daubneyi: Changes in prevalences of natural infections in cattle and in Lymnaea truncatula from central France over the past 12 years","volume":"33","author":"Mage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2023.2214097","article-title":"Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Stanovich, K.E. (2009). What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.09.012","article-title":"Benzimidazole resistance in Trichostrongylus axei in sheep: Long-term monitoring of affected sheep and genotypic evaluation of the parasite","volume":"183","author":"Palcy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Richelme, A., and Greil, S. (2019). \u00c9valuation de la R\u00e9sistance des Strongles Gastro-Intestinaux aux Anthelminthiques dans sept \u00c9levages Ovins Allaitants du Limousin. [Veterinary Thesis, Veterinary School of Toulouse]."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"103","article-title":"Multiple-resistance to ivermectin and benzimidazole of a Haemonchus contortus population in a sheep flock from mainland France, first report","volume":"14","author":"Cazajous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1986.tb02951.x","article-title":"Survey of anthelmintic resistance in Western Australian sheep flocks 2. Relationship with sheep management and parasite control practices","volume":"63","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2023002","article-title":"Understanding the uptake of diagnostics for sustainable gastrointestinal nematode control by European dairy cattle farmers: A multi-country cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Hektoen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/4\/297\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:22:31Z","timestamp":1760106151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/4\/297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13040297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13040297","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]}}}