{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:03:19Z","timestamp":1768093399405,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PAPIIT IN203522","award":["CI2216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, the responsible use of antimicrobials in pigs has allowed the continuous development of alternatives to these antimicrobials. In this study, we describe the impact of treatments with two probiotics, one based on live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and another based on fragmented S. cerevisiae (beta-glucans), that were administered to piglets at birth and at prechallenge with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-two pigs were divided into four groups of eight animals each. The animals had free access to water and food. The groups were as follows: Group A, untreated negative control; Group B, inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae positive control; Group C, first treated with disintegrated S. cerevisiae (disintegrated Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae; and Group D, treated with live S. cerevisiae yeast (live Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae. In a previous study, we found that on Days 1 and 21 of blood sampling, nine proinflammatory cytokines were secreted, and an increase in their secretion occurred for only five of them: TNF-\u03b1, INF-\u03b1, INF-\u03b3, IL-10, and IL-12 p40. The results of the clinical evolution, the degree of pneumonic lesions, and the productive parameters of treated Groups C and D suggest that S. cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect in chronic proliferative M. hyopneumoniae pneumonia characterized by delayed hypersensitivity, which depends on the alteration or modulation of the respiratory immune response. The data presented in this study showed that S. cerevisiae contributed to the innate resistance of infected pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1713168492000},"page":"322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of Live and Fragmented Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Feed of Pigs Challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Vega-Mungu\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Vargas S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan E.","family":"Camacho-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Su\u00e1rez-V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"B\u00e1rcenas-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0881-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Quintar Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Ciprian-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Mendoza Elvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuautitl\u00e1n Izcalli 54720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Straw, B.E., Zimmerman, J.J.D., Alleire, S.D., and Taylor, D.J. 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