{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:42:02Z","timestamp":1789821722974,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild birds are common hosts to numerous intracellular parasites such as single-celled eukaryotes of the family Eimeriidae (order Eucoccidiorida, phylum Apicomplexa). We investigated the infection rates, phylogeny, and pathogenicity of Isospora and Lankesterella parasites in wild and captive passerine birds. Blood and tissue samples of 815 wild and 15 deceased captive birds from Europe were tested using polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I and the nuclear 18S rRNA gene. The infection rate for Lankesterella in wild birds was 10.7% compared to 5.8% for Isospora. Chromogenic in situ hybridization with probes targeting the parasites\u2019 18S rRNA was employed to identify the parasites\u2019 presence in multiple organs, and hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining was performed to visualize the parasite stages and assess associated lesions. Isospora parasites were mainly identified in the intestine, spleen, and liver. Extraintestinal tissue stages of Isospora were accompanied by predominantly lymphohistiocytic inflammation of varying severity. Lankesterella was most frequently detected in the spleen, lung, and brain; however, infected birds presented only a low parasite burden without associated pathological changes. These findings contribute to our understanding of Isospora and Lankesterella parasites in wild birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T07:55:54Z","timestamp":1713426954000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Isospora and Lankesterella Parasites (Eimeriidae, Apicomplexa) of Passeriform Birds in Europe: Infection Rates, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carina","family":"Keckeisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1727-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Al\u017ebeta","family":"\u0160ujanov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"Nature Research Centre, 084 12 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Himmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Clinical Institutes of the MedUni Vienna, Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Matt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Nedorost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina R. F.","family":"Chagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, 084 12 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert","family":"Weissenb\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-3943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Harl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Clinical Institutes of the MedUni Vienna, Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1959.tb04363.x","article-title":"Lankesterella corvi n. sp., a blood parasite of the English rook, Corvus f. frugilegus L","volume":"6","author":"Baker","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. 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