{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:39Z","timestamp":1787029239899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES\u2014Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personel, Brazil","award":["#001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES\u2014Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personel, Brazil","award":["# 311368\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 311368\/2019-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\u2014National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil","award":["#001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\u2014National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil","award":["# 311368\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 311368\/2019-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The control of infectious diseases caused by biofilms is a continuing challenge for researchers due to the complexity of their microbial structures and therapeutic implications. Photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive anti-infective treatment has been described as a possible valid approach but has not been tested in polymicrobial biofilm models. This study evaluated the effect of photodynamic therapy in vitro with methylene blue (MB) 0.01% and red LEDs (\u03bb = 660 nm, power density \u2248 330 mW\/cm2, 2 mm distance from culture) on the metabolic activity and composition of a multispecies subgingival biofilm. Test Groups LED and MB + LED showed a more significant reduction in metabolic activity than the non-LED application group (~50 and 55%, respectively). Groups LED and MB equally affected (more than 80%) the total bacterial count in biofilms. No differences were noted in the bacterial biofilm composition between the groups. In vitro LED alone or the MB + LED combination reduced the metabolic activity of bacteria in polymicrobial biofilms and the total subgingival biofilm count.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T06:10:18Z","timestamp":1713766218000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Methylene Blue Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Study in Multi-Species Oral Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-5910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Bueno-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Parma-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio","family":"Frigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Odontologia da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Paulista de Cirurgi\u00f5es Dentistas (FAOA), S\u00e3o Paulo 02011-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina J.","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas y Medicina Oral, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 45 # 26-85, Bogot\u00e1 11001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Tiemi","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Hideaki","family":"Uyeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-5703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Augusto Ruiz da Cunha","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8413-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9SP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Fernando","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Tuft University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Feres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Division of Periodontology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1971-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamil Awad","family":"Shibli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciene Cristina","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Li, X., Yu, C., and Wang, Y. 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