{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:06:07Z","timestamp":1791547567708,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs of Northern Ireland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deer are susceptible to infection with parasitic helminths, including species which are of increasing economic concern to the livestock industry due to anthelmintic drug resistance. This paper systematically collates helminth prevalence data from deer across Europe and explores patterns in relation to host and parasite species, as well as landscape factors. A livestock pasture contact index (LPCI) is developed to predict epidemiological overlap between deer and livestock, and hence to examine deer helminth fauna in the context of their surrounding environment. Fifty-eight studies comprising fallow (Dama dama), red (Cervus elaphus), roe (Capreolus capreolus) and sika (Cervus nippon) deer were identified. Deer populations in \u201clikely\u201d contact with livestock pasture had a higher mean prevalence of the abomasal nematodes Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei (p = 0.01), which are common in livestock and not primarily associated with deer. Roe deer populations had a higher prevalence of T. circumcincta (p = 0.02) and T. axei (p = 0.01) than fallow deer and a higher prevalence of H. contortus than both red (p = 0.01) and fallow deer (p = 0.02). Liver fluke and lungworm species were present sporadically at low prevalence, while the abomasal nematode Ashworthius sidemi occurred locally at high prevalence. Insights from this research suggest that deer helminth fauna is reflective of their surrounding environment, including the livestock species which inhabit areas of shared grazing. This is explored from an epidemiological perspective, and the prospect of helminth transmission between wild and domestic hosts is discussed, including drug-resistant strains, alongside the role of helminths as indicators relevant to the transmission of other pathogens at the wildlife\u2013livestock interface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Helminth Prevalence in European Deer with a Focus on Abomasal Nematodes and the Influence of Livestock Pasture Contact: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tony L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-7728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.105103","article-title":"Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe","volume":"182","author":"Charlier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-016-1037-6","article-title":"Does the blood-sucking nematode Ashworthius sidemi (Trichostrongylidae) cause deterioration of blood parameters in European bison (Bison bonasus)?","volume":"62","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2020062","article-title":"Increasing importance of anthelmintic resistance in European livestock : Creation and meta-analysis of an open database","volume":"27","author":"Vineer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-014-0506-8","article-title":"Endoparasites of the fallow deer (Dama dama) of the Antheringer Au in Salzburg, Austria","volume":"126","author":"Rehbein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1109.1","article-title":"Age Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of Abomasal Helminths in Wild Red Deer from Central Spain","volume":"94","author":"Alunda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6889","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7538","article-title":"There is only one winner: The negative impact of red deer density on roe deer numbers and distribution in the S\u0142owi\u0144ski National Park and its vicinity","volume":"11","author":"Borkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"313","article-title":"Cervus nippon, Sika Deer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","volume":"41","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dama dama, Fallow Deer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","volume":"317","author":"Masseti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mamm. Species"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.027","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematode infections in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from the NW of the Iberian Peninsula: Assessment of some risk factors","volume":"196","author":"Pato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-007-0865-5","article-title":"The endoparasites of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Austria","volume":"119","author":"Rehbein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3376","article-title":"Abomasal parasites in wild sympatric cervids, Red Deer, Cervus elaphus and Fallow Deer, Dama dama, from three localities across Central and Western Spain: Relationship to host density and park management","volume":"90","author":"Alunda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"75","article-title":"Frequency of gastrointestinal and pulmonary helminth infections in wild deer from western Romania","volume":"8","author":"Hora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Region. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"59","article-title":"Health status of red deer and roe deer in Gorski Kotar, Croatia","volume":"82","author":"Kusak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chintoan-Uta, C., Morgan, E.R., Skuce, P.J., and Coles, G.C. (2014). Wild deer as potential vectors of anthelmintic-resistant abomasal nematodes between cattle and sheep farms. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 281.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2985"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"189","article-title":"Shared pastures and anthelmintic resistance in wildlife and livestock","volume":"82","author":"Csivincsik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Conspec. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2017.02.012","article-title":"Benzimidazole resistance within red deer, roe deer and sheep populations within a joint habitat in Hungary","volume":"149","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000065501","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood estimates of the mortality and migration rates of the infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora","volume":"92","author":"Grenfell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.08.035","article-title":"Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep","volume":"142","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.01.011","article-title":"Ruminating on complexity: Macroparasites of wildlife and livestock","volume":"19","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09990587","article-title":"Genetic variability of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in alpine ruminant host species","volume":"84","author":"Cerutti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0059-x","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in an isolated Norwegian population of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"56","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0103","article-title":"Expansion of Ashworthius sidemi in red deer and roe deer from the Lower Silesian Wilderness and its impact on infection with other gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"62","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1799","article-title":"Global mammal parasite database version 2.0","volume":"98","author":"Stephens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)80013-0","article-title":"The ITS-2 rDNA of Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata and T. davtiani (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) indicates that these taxa are one species","volume":"26","author":"Stevenson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006030","article-title":"Spiculopteragia mathevossiani Ruchliadev, 1948 is the minor morph of Spiculopteragia spiculoptera (Gushanskaya, 1931): Molecular evidence","volume":"37","author":"Lienard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kolde, R. (2023, June 20). Package \u201cpheatmap\u201d: Pretty heatmaps. Version 1012 1\u20138. Available online: https:\/\/cran.ms.unimelb.edu.au\/web\/packages\/pheatmap\/pheatmap.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2478\/v10058-010-0002-1","article-title":"Helminth fauna of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Ukraine: Biodiversity and parasite community","volume":"44","author":"Kuzmina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vestn. Zool."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2754\/avb198049010091","article-title":"Endoparasites of Roe Deer in the Strakonice region","volume":"49","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence of gastro-intestinal nematodes in cervids (Cervidae) of north-western Poland","volume":"6","author":"Cisek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electr. J. Pol. Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05087-5","article-title":"Metabarcoding in two isolated populations of wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) reveals variation in gastrointestinal nematode community composition between regions and among age classes","volume":"14","author":"Beaumelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"23","article-title":"Parasites of captive fallow deer (Dama dama L.) from southern Poland with special emphasis on Ashworthius sidemi","volume":"58","author":"Kowal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"69","article-title":"Preliminary data about the parasitism caused by protozoa, helminths and ticks in cervids and wild bovids from Salamanca (western Spain)","volume":"67","author":"Oleaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Rev. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"203","article-title":"Parasites of Deer in Ireland","volume":"4","author":"Sleeman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Life Sci. R. Dublin Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"225","article-title":"The helminthofauna of farmed deer (Cervidae) in Poland","volume":"42","author":"Malczewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0002143X","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal parasites of wild Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)","volume":"44","author":"Batty","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90178-P","article-title":"Pattern of abomasal helminths in fallow deer farming in Umbria (central Italy)","volume":"47","author":"Ambrosi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"161","article-title":"Parasites of fallow deer (Dama dama) in Slovenia","volume":"40","author":"Bidovec","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(84)90018-9","article-title":"Gastro-intestinal nematodes of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) in Germany","volume":"16","author":"Barth","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"94","article-title":"Occurrence of gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) in North-West Poland","volume":"50","author":"Pilarczyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02242409","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntnis der Parasitenfauna des Wildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen. 2. Der Endoparasitenbefall des Damwildes","volume":"47","author":"Rehbein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862092","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.862092","article-title":"Non-native nematode Ashworthius sidemi currently dominates the abomasal parasite community of cervid hosts in the Czech Republic","volume":"9","author":"Bourgoin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"57","article-title":"Abomasum and lung nematodes of red deer in Strza\u0142owo Forest District (Piska Primeval Forest)","volume":"153","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sylwan"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"317","article-title":"Infection of red deer by parasites in South-Western Poland (Lower Silesian Wilderness)","volume":"72","author":"Demiaszkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Weter."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"314","article-title":"Exchange of gastrointestinal nematodes between roe and red deer [Cervidae] and European bison [Bovidae] in the Bieszczady Mountains [Carpathians, Poland]","volume":"47","author":"Drozdz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07739032","article-title":"Abomasal nematodes of the red deer Cervus elaphus in north-eastern Italy","volume":"81","author":"Manfredi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00240-5","article-title":"Host specificity of abomasal nematodes in free ranging alpine ruminants","volume":"90","author":"Zaffaroni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02193546","article-title":"Contributions \u00e0 la connaissance de la faune parasitaire des esp\u00e8ces-gibier en Rh\u00e9nanie-Westphalie 3. Endoparasitoses chez le Cerf","volume":"48","author":"Rehbein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"235","article-title":"A contribution to the study of parasites of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real (Castille-La Mancha, Spain)","volume":"14","author":"Corchero","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"108","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematode infections of Cervus elaphus in Castilla-La Mancha (Central Spain)","volume":"62","author":"Corchero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Ib\u00e9rica De Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15298\/rusjtheriol.19.1.09","article-title":"Gastrointestinal nematodes of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Russia","volume":"19","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Russ. J. Theriol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"248","article-title":"Investigation of the parasite fauna of wildlife in North Rhine-Westphalia. 1. Endoparasites of roe deer","volume":"46","author":"Rehbein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Jagdwissenschaft"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07241884","article-title":"Faecal egg output and herbage contamination with infective larvae of species of Ostertagia and Oesophagostomum from naturally infected farmed sika deer Cervus nippon in Lithuania","volume":"81","author":"Malakauskas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109041","article-title":"Wild ruminants as reservoirs of domestic livestock gastrointestinal nematodes","volume":"279","author":"Barone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00219-3","article-title":"Nematode parasites of adult dairy cattle in the Netherlands","volume":"89","author":"Borgsteede","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.11.001","article-title":"Biology and epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle","volume":"36","author":"Charlier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2958-6","article-title":"Host specificity and species diversity of the Ostertagiinae Lopez-Neyra, 1947 in ruminants: A European perspective","volume":"11","author":"Kowalm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"79","article-title":"Redescription de Capillaria bovis (Schnyder, 1906) (Nematoda, Capillariinae), parasite du mouflon, du daim et du chevreuil en France","volume":"4","author":"Justine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200900609X","article-title":"Hatching behaviour of Nematodirus filicollis in a flock co-infected with Nematodirus battus","volume":"136","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1026","article-title":"The development of Cooperia pectinata, a nematode parasite of cattle","volume":"26","author":"Herlich","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-007-9035-z","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia","volume":"39","author":"Sissay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/3274170","article-title":"Effects of the nematode Oesophagostomum venulosum on sheep and goats","volume":"38","author":"Goldberg","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herd, R.P. (1971). The Pathogenic Importance of Chaberia Ovina (Fabricius, 1788) in Experimentally Infected Sheep, Pergamon Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(71)90028-2"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)49061-0","article-title":"A study of Chabertia ovina infections in lambs","volume":"125","author":"Ross","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13882","article-title":"Genetic diversity and relationships of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) with native and introduced definitive and intermediate hosts","volume":"68","author":"Sabourin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"27","article-title":"The prevalence and intensity rate of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in ruminants of three provinces in coastal regions of the Caspian Sea","volume":"12","author":"Meshgi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leontovy\u010d, R., Ko\u0161\u0165\u00e1kov\u00e1, M., Siegelov\u00e1, V., Melounov\u00e1, K., Pankr\u00e1c, J., Vrbov\u00e1, K., Hor\u00e1k, P., and Ka\u0161n\u00fd, M. (2014). Highland cattle and Radix labiata, the hosts of Fascioloides magna. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-41"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06996-7","article-title":"Occurrence of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, in sympatric wild ungulates in one area in the Upper Palatinate Forest (northeastern Bavaria, Germany)","volume":"120","author":"Rehbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.07.008","article-title":"Morphological and molecular differentiation between Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi, 1819) and Dicrocoelium chinensis (Sudarikov and Ryjikov, 1951) Tang and Tang, 1978 (Platyhelminthes: Digenea)","volume":"104","author":"Otranto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2001.36200","article-title":"Dictyocaulus eckerti, lungworm infecting farmed red deer in new zealand","volume":"49","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00023","article-title":"Dictyocaulus cervi-like lungworm infection in a rocky mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) from Wyoming, USA","volume":"57","author":"Bangoura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006162","article-title":"Identification of Dictyocaulus spp. in ruminants by morphological and molecular analyses","volume":"121","author":"Divina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.06.008","article-title":"Helminths of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey","volume":"61","author":"Bolukbas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201180040349","article-title":"Etiopathological aspects of Elaphostrongylus cervi and Varestrongylus sagittatus infections in red deer in Bulgaria","volume":"80","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9624-0","article-title":"Landscape composition influences roe deer habitat selection at both home range and landscape scales","volume":"26","author":"Morellet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378733","article-title":"Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system","volume":"78","author":"Hofmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-011-0872-x","article-title":"Digestive plasticity as a response to woodland fragmentation in roe deer","volume":"27","author":"Ferron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000449","article-title":"Relationship between the excretion of eggs of parasitic helminths in roe deer and local livestock density","volume":"94","author":"Verheyden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1351-x","article-title":"Wild ruminants as a potential risk factor for transmission of drug resistance in the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus","volume":"66","author":"Major","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13083","article-title":"Prediction and attenuation of seasonal spillover of parasites between wild and domestic ungulates in an arid mixed-use system","volume":"55","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2981\/10-111","article-title":"Faecal nitrogen, an index of diet quality in roe deer Capreolus capreolus?","volume":"17","author":"Verheyden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.05888.x","article-title":"Landscape fragmentation influences winter body mass of roe deer","volume":"32","author":"Hewison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-010-0474-x","article-title":"Diet quality and immunocompetence influence parasite load of roe deer in a fragmented landscape","volume":"57","author":"Verheyden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1644\/11-MAMM-A-136.1","article-title":"Roads and supplemental feeding affect home-range size of Slovenian red deer more than natural factors","volume":"93","author":"Jerina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.94-19","article-title":"Home range size and its development for fallow deer in the Blue Mountains, New Zealand","volume":"39","author":"Nugent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.2006.00044.x","article-title":"Estimating population density from indirect sign: Track counts and the Formozov-Malyshev-Pereleshin formula","volume":"9","author":"Stephens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.04.012","article-title":"Woodland features determining home range size of roe deer","volume":"140","author":"Lovari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-006-0053-3","article-title":"Fighting behaviour in territorial male roe deer Capreolus capreolus: The effects of antler size and residence","volume":"53","author":"Hoem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2012.11.003","article-title":"Ranging behaviour of roe deer in an experimental high-density population: Are females territorial?","volume":"335","author":"Maublanc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus\u2013Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollonio, M., Putman, R., Grignolio, S., and Barto\u0161, L. (2011). Hunting Seasons in Relation to Biological Breeding Seasons and the Implications for the Control or Regulation of Ungulate Populations, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974137.005"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.021","article-title":"Moisture requirements for the free-living development of Haemonchus contortus: Quantitative and temporal effects under conditions of low evaporation","volume":"150","author":"Kahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.140.8.203","article-title":"Hypobiosis in the ostertagids of red deer and the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole against them","volume":"140","author":"Connan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60343-7","article-title":"Hypobiosis in parasitic nematodes\u2014An update","volume":"25","author":"Gibbs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.04.011","article-title":"Haemonchosis and teladorsagiosis in a Scottish sheep flock putatively associated with the overwintering of hypobiotic fourth stage larvae","volume":"147","author":"Sargison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8812898","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812898","article-title":"Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis survival in the environment confound bovine tuberculosis control and eradication? A literature review","volume":"2021","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"7","article-title":"Mycobacterium bovis genomics reveals transmission of infection between cattle and deer in Ireland","volume":"6","author":"Crispell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterium bovis in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain, 2006\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"Paniagua","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632525","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.632525","article-title":"Bovine tuberculosis: The emergence of a new wildlife maintenance host in Ireland","volume":"8","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1483","article-title":"Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact","volume":"65","author":"Palmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8479","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5282","article-title":"Interspecific visitation of cattle and badgers to fomites: A transmission risk for bovine tuberculosis?","volume":"9","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-015-0973-x","article-title":"Interactions between four species in a complex wildlife: Livestock disease community: Implications for Mycobacterium bovis maintenance and transmission","volume":"62","author":"Cowie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30465-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"11","author":"Houe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casaubon, J., Vogt, H.R., Stalder, H., Hug, C., and Ryser-Degiorgis, M.P. (2012).  Bovine viral diarrhea virus in free-ranging wild ruminants in Switzerland: Low prevalence of infection despite regular interactions with domestic livestock. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-204"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-83","article-title":"Isolation and identification of a bovine viral diarrhea virus from sika deer in China","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-017-0091-z","article-title":"A survey of free-ranging deer in Ireland for serological evidence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpes virus-1, bluetongue virus and Schmallenberg virus","volume":"70","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence of shared bovine viral diarrhea infections between red deer and extensively raised cattle in south-central Spain","volume":"12","author":"Kukielka","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-1","article-title":"Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Medlock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacasta, D., Lorenzo, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., Ruiz de Arcaute, M., Benito, A.\u00c1., Baselga, C., Milian, M.E., Lorenzo, N., Jim\u00e9nez, C., and Villanueva-Saz, S. (2021). Epidemiological study related to the first outbreak of ovine anaplasmosis in spain. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072036"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3852-6","article-title":"A review on the eco-epidemiology and clinical management of human granulocytic anaplasmosis and its agent in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Matei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-009-0261-8","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a multi-species deer community in the New Forest, England","volume":"55","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1374.084","article-title":"Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ruminants in Europe","volume":"1078","author":"Woldehiwet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, L., Franzo, G., Martini, M., Mondin, A., Cassini, R., Drigo, M., Pasotto, D., Vidorin, E., and Menandro, M.L. (2021). Ecotyping of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum from wild ungulates and ticks shows circulation of zoonotic strains in northeastern Italy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020310"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, T.L., Airs, P.M., Porter, S., Caplat, P., and Morgan, E.R. (2022). Understanding the role of wild ruminants in anthelmintic resistance in livestock. Biol. Lett., 18.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2022.0057"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/5\/378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:37:59Z","timestamp":1760107079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/5\/378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13050378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13050378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}