{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:32:27Z","timestamp":1789997547794,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Medicine","award":["10106-22-3139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-22-3139"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria of the utmost importance are extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE). In this study, an evaluation of MDR bacteria in surgical intensive care units in a tertiary referral hospital was conducted. The study aimed to characterize \u03b2-lactamases and other resistance traits of Gram-negative bacteria isolated in surgical intensive care units (ICUs). Disk diffusion and the broth dilution method were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing, whereas ESBL screening was performed through a double disk synergy test and an inhibitor-based test with clavulanic acid. A total of 119 MDR bacterial isolates were analysed. ESBL production was observed in half of the Proteus mirabilis, 90% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae and all of the Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli isolates. OXA-48 carbapenemase, carried by the L plasmid, was detected in 34 K. pneumoniae and one E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates, whereas NDM occurred sporadically and was identified in three K. pneumoniae isolates. OXA-48 positive isolates coharboured ESBLs belonging to the CTX-M family in all but one isolate. OXA-23 carbapenemase was confirmed in all A. baumannii isolates. The findings of this study provide valuable insight of resistance determinants of Enterobacterales and A. baumannii which will enhance surveillance and intervention strategies that are necessary to curb the ever-growing carbapenem resistance rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1715772712000},"page":"411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Surgical Intensive Care Units: Antibiotic Susceptibility and \u03b2-Lactamase Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Bandi\u0107 Pavlovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mladen","family":"Pospi\u0161il","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Na\u0111","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilena","family":"Vrbanovi\u0107 Mijatovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6579-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Luxner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Zarfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Grisold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinko","family":"Tonkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Dobri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Medicine and Pain Management, University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Bedeni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center \u0160alata\u2014BIMIS, Department for Clinical Microbiology and Infection Prevention and Control, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S122","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance worldwide: Causes, challenges and responses","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. 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