{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T13:30:04Z","timestamp":1772199004780,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU\u2019s H2020 SWINOSTICS project","award":["771649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["771649"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swine viral diseases have the capacity to cause significant losses and affect the sector\u2019s sustainability, a situation further exacerbated by the lack of antiviral drugs and the limited availability of effective vaccines. In this context, a novel point-of-care (POC) diagnostic device incorporating photonic integrated circuits (PICs), microfluidics and information, and communication technology into a single platform was developed for the field diagnosis of African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF). The device targets viral particles and has been validated using oral fluid and serum samples. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated to assess the performance of the device, and PCR was the reference method employed. Its sensitivities were 80.97% and 79%, specificities were 88.46% and 79.07%, and DOR values were 32.25 and 14.21 for ASF and CSF, respectively. The proposed POC device and PIC sensors can be employed for the pen-side detection of ASF and CSF, thus introducing novel technological advancements in the field of animal diagnostics. The need for proper validation studies of POC devices is highlighted to optimize animal biosecurity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T03:24:48Z","timestamp":1715829888000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Label-Free Detection of African Swine Fever and Classical Swine Fever in the Point-of-Care Setting Using Photonic Integrated Circuits Integrated in a Microfluidic Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0025-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Manessis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-3735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Frant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Podg\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gal-Ciso\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"\u0141yjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-9216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzant\u00f3w Avenue 57, 24-100 Pu\u0142awy, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1333-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wo\u017aniakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolas Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0069-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilla","family":"Denes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2742-173X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyula","family":"Balka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Istvan Str. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Istv\u00e1n Str 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lapo","family":"Nannucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie Alimentari Ambientali e Forestali, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadeu","family":"Griol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s\/n Building 8F, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2601-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Peransi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAS Photonics SL, Camino de Vera, s\/n, Building 8F 2nd-Floor, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoitsa","family":"Basdagianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Mourouzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6803-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre Ltd. (CyRIC), 28th Octovriou Ave 72, Off. 301, Engomi, 2414 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bossis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00322-9","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population at Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010\u20132050","volume":"2","author":"Morley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manessis, G., Frant, M., Wozniakowski, G., Nannucci, L., Benedetti, M., Denes, L., Gyula, B., Gelasakis, A.I., Squires, C., and Recuero, S. (2022). Point-of-Care and Label-Free Detection of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Swine Influenza Viruses Using a Microfluidic Device with Photonic Integrated Circuits. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050988"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz362","article-title":"A Critical Reflection on Intensive Pork Production with an Emphasis on Animal Health and Welfare","volume":"98","author":"Maes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manessis, G., Gelasakis, A.I., and Bossis, I. (2022). Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Farm Animal Diseases: From Biosensors to Integrated Lab-on-Chip Devices. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12070455"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100287","article-title":"Review: Trends for Meat, Milk and Egg Consumption for the next Decades and the Role Played by Livestock Systems in the Global Production of Proteins","volume":"15","author":"Henchion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806068115","article-title":"Global Trends in Infectious Diseases of Swine","volume":"115","author":"VanderWaal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012953108","article-title":"Current Drivers and Future Directions of Global Livestock Disease Dynamics","volume":"110","author":"Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00159-x","article-title":"Major Swine Viral Diseases: An Asian Perspective after the African Swine Fever Introduction","volume":"6","author":"Kedkovid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2020-0001","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus\u2014The Possible Role of Flies and Other Insects in Virus Transmission","volume":"64","author":"Fila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.12.008","article-title":"Control of Swine Pseudorabies in China: Opportunities and Limitations","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083741","article-title":"African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control","volume":"8","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galindo, I., and Alonso, C. (2017). African Swine Fever Virus: A Review. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050103"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Xie, M., Wu, W., and Chen, Z. (2021). Structures and Functional Diversities of ASFV Proteins. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112124"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungur, A., Cazan, C.D., Panait, L.C., Taulescu, M., Balmo\u0219, O.M., Mihaiu, M., B\u0103rbuceanu, F., Mihalca, A.D., and C\u0103toi, C. (2021). Genotyping of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Isolates in Romania with the First Report of Genotype II in Symptomatic Pigs. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8120290"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, W., Qiu, Z., Li, Y., Fan, J., Wu, K., Li, X., Zhao, M., Ding, H., and Fan, S. (2022). African Swine Fever Virus: A Review. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081255"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13298","article-title":"Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cases of African Swine Fever in Tanzania","volume":"66","author":"Mayenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14329","article-title":"African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L Efficiently Protects European and Native Pig Breeds against Circulating Vietnamese Field Strain","volume":"69","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Madera, R., Li, Y., McVey, D.S., Drolet, B.S., and Shi, J. (2020). Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever and Future Perspectives. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9080658"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198151","article-title":"Classical Swine Fever Virus: The Past, Present and Future","volume":"289","author":"Ganges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blome, S., Staubach, C., Henke, J., Carlson, J., and Beer, M. (2017). Classical Swine Fever\u2014An Updated Review. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040086"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00138-3","article-title":"Classical Swine Fever: The Global Situation","volume":"73","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12676","article-title":"Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Classical Swine Fever: Recent Developments and Future Challenges","volume":"65","author":"Postel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42992","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42992","article-title":"Vulnerability of the British Swine Industry to Classical Swine Fever","volume":"7","author":"Porphyre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"001","article-title":"The Challenge of Introducing Point of Care Diagnostics in Farm Animal Health Management","volume":"14","author":"Manessis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJSTR"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.01.005","article-title":"Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Niche Applications","volume":"34","author":"Cummins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70250-0","article-title":"Diagnostic Point-of-Care Tests in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"14","author":"Drain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.07.004","article-title":"Opportunities and Challenges for the Application of Microfluidic Technologies in Point-of-Care Veterinary Diagnostics","volume":"30","author":"Busin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.09.001","article-title":"Emerging Technologies for Next-Generation Point-of-Care Testing","volume":"33","author":"Vashist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Jiang, S., Wu, Y., Zhou, B., Wang, K., Jiang, L., Long, Y., Chen, G., and Zeng, D. (2021). Multiplex and On-Site PCR Detection of Swine Diseases Based on the Microfluidic Chip System. BMC Vet. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02825-w"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128005","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mixed Infections with Swine Viruses Using an Integrated Microfluidic Platform","volume":"312","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13880","article-title":"The Potential of Diagnostic Point-of-care Tests (POCTs) for Infectious and Zoonotic Animal Diseases in Developing Countries: Technical, Regulatory and Sociocultural Considerations","volume":"68","author":"Hobbs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capo, A., Calabrese, A., Frant, M., Walczak, M., Szczotka-Bochniarz, A., Manessis, G., Bossis, I., Staiano, M., D\u2019Auria, S., and Varriale, A. (2022). SPR-Based Detection of ASF Virus in Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137463"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3069-3","article-title":"Development of an Updated PCR Assay for Detection of African Swine Fever Virus","volume":"162","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-010-0006-z","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Classical Swine Fever Virus Involved in the Outbreak in Mizoram","volume":"21","author":"Barman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manessis, G., Mourouzis, C., Griol, A., Zurita-Herranz, D., Peransi, S., Sanchez, C., Giusti, A., Gelasakis, A.I., and Bossis, I. (2021). Integration of Microfluidics, Photonic Integrated Circuits and Data Acquisition and Analysis Methods in a Single Platform for the Detection of Swine Viral Diseases. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113193"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griol, A., Peransi, S., Rodrigo, M., Hurtado, J., Bellieres, L., Ivanova, T., Zurita, D., S\u00e1nchez, C., Recuero, S., and Hern\u00e1ndez, A. (2019). Design and Development of Photonic Biosensors for Swine Viral Diseases Detection. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183985"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez, M., S\u00e1nchez, C., Peransi, S., Zurita, D., Bellieres, L., Recuero, S., Rodrigo, M., Sim\u00f3n, S., Camarca, A., and Capo, A. (2022). Photonic Label-Free Biosensors for Fast and Multiplex Detection of Swine Viral Diseases. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030708"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2017.05.005","article-title":"Photonic Ring Resonance Is a Versatile Platform for Performing Multiplex Immunoassays in Real Time","volume":"448","author":"Mudumba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.07.009","article-title":"Verification and Validation of Diagnostic Laboratory Tests in Clinical Virology","volume":"40","author":"Rabenau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00177-X","article-title":"The Diagnostic Odds Ratio: A Single Indicator of Test Performance","volume":"56","author":"Glas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2016.1142877","article-title":"Advances in Addressing Technical Challenges of Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.58.2.020901","article-title":"Photonic Integrated Circuits for Department of Defense-Relevant Chemical and Biological Sensing Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Outlooks","volume":"58","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/ab6742","article-title":"Opportunities for Photonic Integrated Circuits in Optical Gas Sensors","volume":"2","author":"Heck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114823","article-title":"Establishment of a P30-Based Lateral Flow Assay for African Swine Fever Virus Detection","volume":"322","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2023.124443","article-title":"Development of Molecular and Antigenic-Based Rapid Tests for the Identification of African Swine Fever Virus in Different Tissues","volume":"258","author":"Cavalera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elnagar, A., Blome, S., Beer, M., and Hoffmann, B. (2022). Point-of-Care Testing for Sensitive Detection of the African Swine Fever Virus Genome. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122827"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1124","article-title":"Development of a Highly Sensitive Point-of-care Test for African Swine Fever That Combines EZ-Fast DNA Extraction with LAMP Detection: Evaluation Using Naturally Infected Swine Whole Blood Samples from Vietnam","volume":"9","author":"Ngan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116352","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1116352","article-title":"Microfluidic-LAMP Chip for the Point-of-Care Detection of Gene-Deleted and Wild-Type African Swine Fever Viruses and Other Four Swine Pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, Q., Guo, J., Li, D., Wang, L., Wang, X., Xing, G., Deng, R., and Zhang, G. (2021). An Isothermal Molecular Point of Care Testing for African Swine Fever Virus Using Recombinase-Aided Amplification and Lateral Flow Assay Without the Need to Extract Nucleic Acids in Blood. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.633763"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b01731","article-title":"Microfluidic-CFPA Chip for the Point-of-Care Detection of African Swine Fever Virus with a Median Time to Threshold in about 10 Min","volume":"4","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, J., Zhang, Y., Cai, G., Meng, G., and Shi, S. (2021). Rapid and Sensitive RPA-Cas12a-Fluorescence Assay for Point-of-Care Detection of African Swine Fever Virus. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254815"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024815118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024815118","article-title":"The Total Number and Mass of SARS-CoV-2 Virions","volume":"118","author":"Sender","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7459.209","article-title":"Ruling a Diagnosis in or out with \u201cSpPIn\u201d and \u201cSnNOut\u201d: A Note of Caution","volume":"329","author":"Pewsner","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.003","article-title":"Specificity and Positive Predictive Value of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing in a Low-Prevalence Setting","volume":"27","author":"Skittrall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7458.168","article-title":"Diagnostic Tests 4: Likelihood Ratios","volume":"329","author":"Deeks","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5836","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201411741","article-title":"From the Bench to the Field in Low-Cost Diagnostics: Two Case Studies","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.11.008","article-title":"Efficient Surveillance of Pig Populations Using Oral Fluids","volume":"104","author":"Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1091","article-title":"The Use of Oral Fluid Diagnostics in Swine Medicine","volume":"26","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-020-00168-w","article-title":"Guidelines for Oral Fluid-Based Surveillance of Viral Pathogens in Swine","volume":"6","author":"Baum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/5\/415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:43:08Z","timestamp":1760107388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/5\/415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13050415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13050415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]}}}