{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1760144724345,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M011186\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011186\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Dairy","award":["BB\/M011186\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011186\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis (ITN) is a disease affecting the skin of the teats of dairy cows with an unknown aetiopathogenesis. Digital dermatitis (DD)-associated treponemes have previously been suggested as a potential aetiological agent in ITN, although the sample size was small. The current study, using established PCR techniques, aimed to examine the association with the presence of DD-associated treponemes in a large number of ITN samples from a wider geographical area, and surveyed the potential of milk as an infection reservoir. From 95 ITN lesions, 35.8% (n = 34) were positive for at least one DD-associated treponeme compared with only 5.6% (n = 1) of 18 non-lesioned teats from cows with ITN lesions on a different teat using a nested PCR approach. All 10 age- and production-matched control cows were negative for DD-associated treponemes via PCR. No DD-associated treponemes could be detected from foremilk of cows with (n = 19) and without (n = 31) a DD lesion on the hind feet. DD-associated treponemes could be detected via PCR after incubation in milk for up to 2 h. Therefore, milk does not appear to be a competent reservoir for transmission of DD-associated treponemes. Moreover, in the current study DD-associated treponemes were only detected in a subset of ITN samples, so it is unlikely these opportunistic skin-associated pathogens are the major or sole agent of ITN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13050427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T12:02:23Z","timestamp":1715947343000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Screening for Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponemes in Bovine Ischaemic Teat Necrosis Lesions and Milk in Dairy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9297-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley E.","family":"Crosby-Durrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart D.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger W.","family":"Blowey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appithorne, Main Road, Minsterworth GL2 8JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103167","article-title":"Bovine ischaemic teat necrosis: A further potential role for digital dermatitis treponemes","volume":"178","author":"Clegg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. 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