{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:12Z","timestamp":1760144952616,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC Discovery","award":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"]}]},{"name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation John R Evans Leaders Fund Project Number","award":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"]}]},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Studies Scholarship","award":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-04165","RGPIN-2024-04002","39509"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sole known heme enzyme of the parasitic protist Giardia intestinalis is a flavohemoglobin (gFlHb) that acts as a nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) and protects the organism from the free radical nitric oxide. To learn more about the properties of this enzyme, we measured its nitric oxide dioxygenase, NADH oxidase, and cytochrome c reductase activities and compared these to the activities of the E. coli flavohemoglobin (Hmp). The turnover number for the NOD activity of gFlHb (23 s\u22121) is about two-thirds of that of Hmp (34 s\u22121) at pH 6.5 and 37 \u00b0C. The two enzymes differ in their sensitivity towards molecules that act as heme ligands. For both gFlHb and Hmp, inhibition with miconazole, a large imidazole ligand, is adequately described by simple competitive inhibition, with KI = 10 \u03bcM and 0.27 \u03bcM for gFlHb and Hmp, respectively. Inhibition plots with the small ligand imidazole were biphasic, which is consistent with previous experiments with carbon monoxide as a probe that show that the active site of flavohemoglobins exists in two conformations. Interestingly, the largest difference is observed with nitrite, which, like imidazole, also shows a biphasic inhibition plot; however, nitrite inhibits gFlHb at sub-millimolar concentrations while Hmp is not significantly affected. NADH oxidase activity measured under aerobic conditions in the absence of nitric oxide for Hmp was more than twice the activity of gFlHb. The addition of 1 mM hydrogen peroxide in these assays stimulated the NADH oxidase activity of gFlHb but not Hmp. Both enzymes had nearly identical cytochrome c reductase activities but the extent of the contribution of indirect reduction by flavohemoglobin-generated superoxide was much lower with gFlHb (4% SOD-inhibited) than with Hmp (17% SOD-inhibited). Although the active sites of the two enzymes share the same highly conserved residues that are important for catalysis, differences in the distal ligand binding site may account for these differences in activity and sensitivity towards NOD inhibitors. The differences observed in the NADH oxidase and cytochrome c reductase assays suggest that gFlHb may have evolved to protect the protist, which lacks both superoxide dismutase and catalase, from the damaging effects of superoxide by minimizing its production and from peroxide by actively reducing it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T03:44:35Z","timestamp":1717645475000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Catalytic Differences between Flavohemoglobins of Giardia intestinalis and E. coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0102-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Decorso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5339-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Novin","family":"Nezamololama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Babaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology & Mycology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76169-13555, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven Patrick","family":"Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6067","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00297.x","article-title":"Crystal structure of the flavohemoglobin from Alcaligenes eutrophus at 1.75 A resolution","volume":"14","author":"Ermler","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10378","article-title":"Nitric oxide dioxygenase: An enzymic function for flavohemoglobin","volume":"95","author":"Gardner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 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