{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:52:17Z","timestamp":1785883937016,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016888","name":"Bayer Cares Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AWD-585926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-585926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016888","name":"Bayer Cares Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016888","name":"Bayer Cares Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["AWD-585926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-585926"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP223fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627005"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric infections due to viral pathogens are a major public health concern. Detecting the risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in sources such as wastewater. Towards building an environmental surveillance system in Zambia, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. Convenient sampling was conducted at four study sites every Tuesday for five consecutive weeks. The research team focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine the suitability in terms of cost and applicability for a regular surveillance system: the bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS), polyethylene glycol-based (PEG) precipitation, and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Of the 20 samples tested using qPCR, 18\/20 (90%) tested positive for HAdV and 14\/20 (70%) tested positive for RVA. For the genetic sequencing, qPCR positives were subjected to cPCR, of which 12 positives were successfully amplified. The human adenovirus was identified with a nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53% compared with the reference genome from GenBank. The BMFS and SM flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. A statistical analysis of the positives showed that viral positivity differed by site (p &lt; 0.001). SM and PEG may be the most appropriate options in resource-limited settings such as Zambia due to the lower costs associated with these concentration methods. The demonstration of HAdV and RVA detection in wastewater suggests the presence of the pathogens in the communities under study and the need to establish a routine wastewater surveillance system for the identification of pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:43:42Z","timestamp":1717757022000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngonda","family":"Saasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel","family":"M\u2019kandawire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3070-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Ndebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulenga","family":"Mwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Chimpukutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Effluents and Pollution Control, Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company, Stand No. 871\/2, Katemo Road, Rhodes Park, P.O. Box 50198, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Nalishuwa","family":"Mukubesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Njobvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4945-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doreen Mainza","family":"Shempela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Churches Health Association of Zambia (CHAZ), CHAZ Complex, Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882\/B\/5\/10, P.O. Box 34511, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Sikalima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Churches Health Association of Zambia (CHAZ), CHAZ Complex, Meanwood Drive (off Great East Road), Plot No. 2882\/B\/5\/10, P.O. Box 34511, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Chiyesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Muvwanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Nampokolwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Sulwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thokozile","family":"Khondiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameck","family":"Kamanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-0816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conceptor","family":"Mulube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wizaso","family":"Mwasinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalaimo","family":"Mumeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Effluents and Pollution Control, Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company, Stand No. 871\/2, Katemo Road, Rhodes Park, P.O. Box 50198, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Simwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Sakubita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0961-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otridah","family":"Kapona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chilufya Susan Aneta","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musole","family":"Chipoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunda","family":"Musonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyambe","family":"Sinyange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzala","family":"Kapina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Siwila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misheck","family":"Shawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayato","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simulyamana A.","family":"Choonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Lusaka Provincial Health Office, 3 Saise Road, P.O. Box 32573, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Corner of Chaholi & Addis Ababa Road, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Earnest","family":"Muyunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH-Zambia, National Malaria Elimination Centre, Chainama Hospital Grounds, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King S.","family":"Nalubamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard M.","family":"Hang\u2019ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01316-09","article-title":"Quantitative detection of human adenoviruses in wastewater and combined sewer overflows influencing a Michigan river","volume":"76","author":"Fong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. 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