{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:33:48Z","timestamp":1769578428547,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 is an airborne respiratory disease that mainly affects the lungs. To date, COVID-19 has infected 580 million people with a mortality of approximately 7 million people worldwide. The emergence of COVID-19 has also affected the infectivity, diagnosis, and disease outcomes of existing diseases such as influenza, TB, and asthma in human populations. These are airborne respiratory diseases with symptoms and mode of transmission similar to those of COVID-19. It was speculated that the protracted nature of the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with vaccination could impact other respiratory diseases and mortality. In this study, we analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on flu, tuberculosis (TB), and asthma. Our analyses suggest that COVID-19 has a potential impact on the mortality of flu, TB, and asthma. These impacts vary across before the COVID-19 era, during the peak period of the pandemic, and after vaccinations\/preventive measures were implemented, as well as across different regions of the world. Overall, the spread of flu generally reduced during the pandemic, resulting in a reduced expenditure on flu-related hospitalizations, although there were sporadic spikes at setting times. In contrast, TB deaths generally increased perhaps due to the disruption in access to TB services and reduction in resources. Asthma deaths, on the other hand, only marginally varied. Collectively, the emergence of COVID-19 added extra cost to the overall expenditure on some respiratory infectious diseases, while the cost for other infectious diseases was either reduced or somewhat unaffected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:08:43Z","timestamp":1718014123000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Respiratory Diseases and Their Economic Impacts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3013-0191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ananya Sivaraman","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Indian International School, 27 Punggol Field Walk, Singapore 828649, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishita","family":"Darekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Indian International School, 27 Punggol Field Walk, Singapore 828649, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nidhi Vijayprakash","family":"Dadhich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Indian International School, 27 Punggol Field Walk, Singapore 828649, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi Sai Manasvi","family":"Tadepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Indian International School, 27 Punggol Field Walk, Singapore 828649, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Gongwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edem","family":"Gavor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.03.007","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronaviruses","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.09.004","article-title":"Structural Basis of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Antibody Interactions","volume":"41","author":"Gavor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-061220-093932","article-title":"Structural Basis of SARS-CoV-2\u2013 and SARS-CoV\u2013 Receptor Binding and Small-Molecule Blockers as Potential Therapeutics","volume":"61","author":"Sivaraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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