{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1794202633383,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly affecting native and prosthetic valves of the heart. The epidemiology and etiology of the disease have evolved significantly over the last decades. With a growing elderly population, the incidence of degenerative valvopathies and the use of prosthetic heart valves have increased, becoming the most important predisposing risk factors. This change in the epidemiology has caused a shift in the underlying microbiology of the disease, with Staphylococci overtaking Streptococci as the main causative pathogens. Other rarer microbes, including Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coxiella burnetti and Brucella, have also emerged or re-emerged. Valvular IE caused by these pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is often associated with a severe clinical course, leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and management are crucial. Due to the high virulence of these pathogens and an increased incidence of antimicrobial resistances, surgical valve repair or replacement is often necessary. As the epidemiology and etiology of valvular IE continue to evolve, the diagnostic methods and therapies need to be progressively advanced to ensure satisfactory clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T08:57:50Z","timestamp":1719478670000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Emerging and Re-Emerging Pathogens in Valvular Infective Endocarditis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Kachel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, 40-028 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00067-7","article-title":"Infective endocarditis","volume":"387","author":"Cahill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nappi, F., Martuscelli, G., Bellomo, F., Avtaar Singh, S.S., and Moon, M.R. 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