{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:09:50Z","timestamp":1774595390474,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/09831-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/09831-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/11120-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/11120-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR21\/00061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR21\/00061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/09831-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/09831-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/11120-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/11120-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR21\/00061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR21\/00061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant yeast that causes systemic infections, mainly in hospitalized or immunosuppressed patients. This pathogen has a high mortality and morbidity rate. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal potential of micafungin (MICA) encapsulated in a nanoemulsion (NEM) against four clades of C. auris and other non-C. auris species. The antifungal potential of MICA and NEM was evaluated by determining mature biofilm inhibition (0.78\u201350 \u00b5g\/mL). The antifungal activities of MICA and NEM (5.92 mg\/Kg) were evaluated using an in vivo model of Galleria mellonella. The results showed that NEM intensified the antibiofilm action of MICA, especially in 48 h mature biofilms. In vivo results displayed a higher effectiveness of NEM against all clades of C. auris tested, inhibiting the fungal load in the hemolymph and tissues of G. mellonella with a difference of 3 log10. In addition, C. auris infection caused granulomas surrounded by hemocytes, mainly at the lower and upper ends. Conversely, C. albicans developed pseudohyphae, biofilms, filaments, and chlamydospores. In conclusion, encapsulation of MICA in a nanoemulsion enhances its antifungal activity against mature biofilms of C. auris. This strategy may be considered a therapeutic approach for the control of infections and the dissemination of this new global health threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T10:14:46Z","timestamp":1719828886000},"page":"549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sunflower Oil and Cholesterol Nanoemulsion: A Novel Carrier for Micafungin to Combat Multi-Resistant Candida auris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4573-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Davi","family":"Marena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Corr\u00eaa","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"P\u00e9rez Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy, La Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Royo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Tormo-Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Bernab\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7895-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eulogio","family":"Valent\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta\u00eds Maria","family":"Bauab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlus","family":"Chorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pem\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severe Infection Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2022.2054120","article-title":"Candida auris Infections in China","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00143-7","article-title":"Candida auris Infection and Biofilm Formation: Going Beyond the Surface","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31201-x","article-title":"Innate Immune Responses against the Fungal Pathogen Candida auris","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13447","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors, Treatment and Outcome of Multidrug Resistance Candida auris Infections in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"65","author":"Vinayagamoorthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: Concepts, Development and Applications in Drug Delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151023","article-title":"Galleria Mellonella for Systemic Assessment of Anti-Candida auris Using Amphotericin B Loaded in Nanoemulsion","volume":"807","author":"Marena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-01214-9","article-title":"Antifungal Activity against Candida Albicans of Methyl 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate Loaded Nanoemulsion","volume":"55","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121669","article-title":"Nanoemulsion Carriers for Drug Delivery: Assessment of Environmental Hazards","volume":"328","author":"Gomes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20267","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02219","article-title":"Ketoconazole-Loaded Cationic Nanoemulsion: In Vitro-Ex Vivo-In Vivo Evaluations to Control Cutaneous Fungal Infections","volume":"7","author":"Shahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jawaid, T., Alaseem, A.M., Khan, M.M., Mukhtar, B., Kamal, M., Anwer, R., Ahmed, S., and Alam, A. (2023). Preparation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion of Citronella Essential Oil with Improved Antimicrobial and Anti-Cancer Properties. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030478"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103566","article-title":"Development and Characterization of an Amphotericin B\u2014Loaded Nanoemulsion Applied to Candida auris Biofilms Control","volume":"74","author":"Marena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2017756","article-title":"Host\u2013Pathogen Interactions upon Candida auris Infection: Fungal Behaviour and Immune Response in Galleria Mellonella","volume":"11","author":"Salavert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2050224","article-title":"Echinocandins\u2013Structure, Mechanism of Action and Use in Antifungal Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to Azoles and Echinocandins Worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Centers for Desease Control and Prevention (2023, June 10). Clinical Treatment of C. auris infections, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/candida-auris\/hcp\/clinical-care\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fioriti, S., Brescini, L., Pallotta, F., Canovari, B., Morroni, G., and Barchiesi, F. (2022). Antifungal Combinations against Candida Species: From Bench to Bedside. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8101077"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1879727","article-title":"An Overview of Nanoemulsion Characterization via Atomic Force Microscopy","volume":"62","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.05.014","article-title":"Controlled Release of Cyclosporine A Self-Nanoemulsifying Systems from Osmotic Pump Tablets: Near Zero-Order Release and Pharmacokinetics in Dogs","volume":"452","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac090","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac090","article-title":"Anti-Candida auris Activity in Vitro and in Vivo of Micafungin Loaded Nanoemulsions","volume":"62","author":"Marena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atiencia-Carrera, M.B., Cabezas-Mera, F.S., Vizuete, K., Debut, A., Tejera, E., and Machado, A. (2022). Evaluation of the Biofilm Life Cycle between Candida Albicans and Candida Tropicalis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.953168"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, R., Barata-Antunes, C., Casal, M., Brown, A.J.P., van Dijck, P., and Paiva, S. (2020). Adapting to Survive: How Candida Overcomes Host-Imposed Constraints during Human Colonization. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008478"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eix, E.F., and Nett, J.E. (2020). How Biofilm Growth Affects Candida-Host Interactions. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01437"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161320","article-title":"Biofilm-Forming Capability of Highly Virulent, Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris","volume":"23","author":"Sherry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn160","article-title":"In Vitro Efficacies of Caspofungin or Micafungin Catheter Lock Solutions on Candida Albicans Biofilm Growth","volume":"62","author":"Cateau","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02290-12","article-title":"Real-Time Microscopic Observation of Candida Biofilm Development and Effects Due to Micafungin and Fluconazole","volume":"57","author":"Kaneko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Nadhe, S., Wadhwani, S., Shedbalkar, U., and Chopade, B.A. (2016). Nanoparticles for Control of Biofilms of Acinetobacter Species. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9050383"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S146195","article-title":"Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Control of Microbial Biofilms: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Rodero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-023-00007-2","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Governing Antifungal Drug Resistance","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.08.013","article-title":"Anti-Candida Activity Assessment of Pelargonium Graveolens Oil Free and Nanoemulsion in Biofilm Formation in Hospital Medical Supplies","volume":"100","author":"Giongo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1050-2","article-title":"Photodynamic Inactivation of Biofilms Formed by Candida Spp., Trichosporon Mucoides, and Kodamaea Ohmeri by Cationic Nanoemulsion of Zinc 2,9,16,23-Tetrakis(Phenylthio)-29H, 31H-Phthalocyanine (ZnPc)","volume":"27","author":"Junqueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemel, S., Guillot, J., Kallel, K., Botterel, F., and Dannaoui, E. (2020). Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030390"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis, A., Binder, U., and Kavanagh, K. (2022). Galleria Mellonella Larvae as a Model for Investigating Fungal\u2014Host Interactions. Front. Fungal Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.893494"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00282","article-title":"Discovery of the Diploid Form of the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini, N., Wernli, L., Rieken, M., Bonkat, G., Wirz, D., and Braissant, O. (2024). Again and Again\u2014Survival of Candida Albicans in Urine Containing Antifungals. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16050605"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, J.E., Ramirez, L.M., Dias, L.d.S., Rivas, L.A., Ramos, L.S., Santos,  A.L.S., Taborda, C.P., and Parra-Giraldo, C.M. (2020). Pathogenicity Levels of Colombian Strains of Candida auris and Brazilian Strains of Candida Haemulonii Species Complex in Both Murine and Galleria Mellonella Experimental Models. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030104"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/7\/549\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:30Z","timestamp":1760108850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/7\/549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13070549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13070549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]}}}