{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:06:04Z","timestamp":1782169564042,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordenac\u0327\u00e3o de Aperfeic\u0327oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Ministry of Education\u2014Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordenac\u0327\u00e3o de Aperfeic\u0327oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (CAPES), Ministry of Education\u2014Brazil","award":["#314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314209\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"CNPq Grantee","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq Grantee","award":["#314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314209\/2021-2"]}]},{"name":"Public Notice PAPQ, PROPESP\/FADESP of the Federal University of Par\u00e1","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Public Notice PAPQ, PROPESP\/FADESP of the Federal University of Par\u00e1","award":["#314209\/2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#314209\/2021-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Syphilis remains a significant global public health issue, and female sex workers (FSWs) are highly vulnerable to the etiological agent of this disease. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of exposure to Treponema pallidum, as well as the vulnerability factors among FSWs in the state of Par\u00e1, Brazilian Amazon. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study involving 360 FSWs from five cities in Par\u00e1 was conducted from 2005 to 2007. Blood samples were collected for treponemal and non-treponemal testing, and epidemiological information was obtained through interviews. Results: The exposure rate to T. pallidum was 37.7% (136\/360), and the majority of FSWs had serological results indicating past exposure (21.1%). Among the FSWs exposed to T. pallidum, most of them were single, aged 23 to 42 years old, had less than 8 years of schooling, and had a family income of between 1 and 3 minimum wages. They reported using condoms during sexual intercourse and had no history of sexually transmitted infection (STI). Furthermore, many of the FSWs exposed to T. pallidum reported having more than 20 sexual partners per month, and had partners from other Brazilian states, but not from other countries. An age over 42 years and a reduced level of education were factors associated with exposure to T. pallidum. Finally, a high rate of exposure to T. pallidum among FSWs in the Brazilian state of Par\u00e1 (from 2005 to 2007) was detected. In later years, epidemiological studies conducted with FSWs recorded that this rate remained high. Measures to control, treat, and prevent syphilis among FSWs were necessary between 2005 and 2007, and they are still imperative today. Actions related to educational programs and STI control, treatment, and prevention measures contained in Brazilian policies aimed at women\u2019s health have not changed the vulnerability scenario of FSWs regarding their exposure to T. pallidum, even after 16 years, and must be reviewed and adapted to the conditions of the Brazilian Amazon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T04:23:43Z","timestamp":1719980623000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposure to Treponema pallidum among Female Sex Workers: A Retrospective Study Conducted in the State of Par\u00e1, Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tha\u00eds Mayara da Silva","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9322-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula do Socorro de Oliveira da Costa","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo Oliveira de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0312-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Roberto de Souza","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Valois","family":"Laurentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Cortinhas","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2044-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosimar Neris Mantins","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Augusto Miranda da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0253-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Miranda dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldemir Branco","family":"Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study and Research Group on Vulnerable Populations, Institute for Coastal Studies, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bragan\u00e7a 68600-000, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando Almeida","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2024, April 29). 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