{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T06:32:36Z","timestamp":1782801156202,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI093858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI093858"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI074789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI074789"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI138129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI138129"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI119873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI119873"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixodes scapularis is a blood-feeding obligate ectoparasite responsible for transmitting the Lyme disease (LD) agent, Borrelia burgdorferi. During the feeding process, I. scapularis injects B. burgdorferi into the host along with its saliva, facilitating the transmission and colonization of the LD agent. Tick calreticulin (CRT) is one of the earliest tick saliva proteins identified and is currently utilized as a biomarker for tick bites. Our recent findings revealed elevated levels of CRT in the saliva proteome of B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis nymphs compared to uninfected ticks. Differential precipitation of proteins (DiffPOP) and LC-MS\/MS analyses were used to identify the interactions between Ixs (I. scapularis) CRT and human plasma proteins and further explore its potential role in shielding B. burgdorferi from complement killing. We observed that although yeast-expressed recombinant (r) IxsCRT binds to the C1 complex (C1q, C1r, and C1s), the activator of complement via the classical cascade, it did not inhibit the deposition of the membrane attack complex (MAC) via the classical pathway. Intriguingly, rIxsCRT binds intermediate complement proteins (C3, C5, and C9) and reduces MAC deposition through the lectin pathway. Despite the inhibition of MAC deposition in the lectin pathway, rIxsCRT did not protect a serum-sensitive B. burgdorferi strain (B314\/pBBE22Luc) from complement-induced killing. As B. burgdorferi establishes a local dermal infection before disseminating to secondary organs, it is noteworthy that rIxsCRT promotes the replication of B. burgdorferi in culture. We hypothesize that rIxsCRT may contribute to the transmission and\/or host colonization of B. burgdorferi by acting as a decoy activator of complement and by fostering B. burgdorferi replication at the transmission site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1719996334000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recombinant Ixodes scapularis Calreticulin Binds Complement Proteins but Does Not Protect Borrelia burgdorferi from Complement Killing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4817-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moiz Ashraf","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thu-Thuy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia Izabela","family":"Kocurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Tae Heung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Kwon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e17526","article-title":"Diseases Transmitted by the Black-Legged Ticks in the United States: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature","volume":"13","author":"Sosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis: Vector to an Increasing Diversity of Human Pathogens in the Upper Midwest","volume":"119","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Guzman, N., Yarrarapu, S.N.S., and Beidas, S.O. 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