{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:59:52Z","timestamp":1780365592567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BBSRC","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]},{"name":"DFID","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"DFID","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]},{"name":"Scottish government","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"Scottish government","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]},{"name":"UKCEH","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"UKCEH","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Agriculture Research","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"Indian Council of Agriculture Research","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]},{"name":"NERC","award":["BB\/H009167\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/H009167\/1"]}]},{"name":"NERC","award":["NE\/R000131\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000131\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bluetongue virus (BTV, Sedoreoviridae: Orbivirus) causes an economically important disease, namely, bluetongue (BT), in domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. BTV is endemic to South India and has occurred with varying severity every year since the virus was first reported in 1963. BT can cause high morbidity and mortality to sheep flocks in this region, resulting in serious economic losses to subsistence farmers, with impacts on food security. The epidemiology of BTV in South India is complex, characterized by an unusually wide diversity of susceptible ruminant hosts, multiple vector species biting midges (Culicoides spp., Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), which have been implicated in the transmission of BTV and numerous co-circulating virus serotypes and strains. BT presence data (1997\u20132011) for South India were obtained from multiple sources to develop a presence\/absence model for the disease. A non-linear discriminant analysis (NLDA) was carried out using temporal Fourier transformed variables that were remotely sensed as potential predictors of BT distribution. Predictive performance was then characterized using a range of different accuracy statistics (sensitivity, specificity, and Kappa). The top ten variables selected to explain BT distribution were primarily thermal metrics (land surface temperature, i.e., LST, and middle infrared, i.e., MIR) and a measure of plant photosynthetic activity (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, i.e., NDVI). A model that used pseudo-absence points, with three presence and absence clusters each, outperformed the model that used only the recorded absence points and showed high correspondence with past BTV outbreaks. The resulting risk maps may be suitable for informing disease managers concerned with vaccination, prevention, and control of BT in high-risk areas and for planning future state-wide vector and virus surveillance activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T15:15:19Z","timestamp":1721229319000},"page":"590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bluetongue Risk Map for Vaccination and Surveillance Strategies in India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5727-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Mudassar","family":"Chanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethan V.","family":"Purse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Sedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6415-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Benz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minakshi","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yella Narasimha","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana University, Hyderabad 500030, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnamohan Reddy","family":"Yarabolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. M.","family":"Byregowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological, Bengaluru 560024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Biological Sciences, 17 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 1RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaya","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute of Veterinary Education & Research, Rohtak 124001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David John","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-73-12-3051","article-title":"Bluetongue virus proteins","volume":"73","author":"Roy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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