{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T14:25:23Z","timestamp":1788013523517,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan","award":["JP22H02504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H02504"]}]},{"name":"MDPI","award":["JP22H02504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22H02504"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2018, classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, after 26 years of absence, and vaccination of domestic pigs using a live attenuated vaccine was initiated in 2019. Because the vaccine efficacy in piglets is influenced by the maternal antibody levels, vaccination should be administered at the optimal age by assuming the antibody level in sows. In this study, the shift in the antibody titer distribution in sows due to the initiation of vaccination to na\u00efve herds and its influence on the vaccine-induced immunity rate in fattening pigs were investigated for 3 years. The results indicated that higher antibody titers were induced in first-generation sows after vaccine initiation because they were immunologically na\u00efve, but the distribution of antibody titers shifted to lower levels along with their replacement with second-generation sows. The average vaccination age of fattening pigs became earlier year by year, and the vaccine-induced antibody rate was almost \u226580%. Based on the estimation of the optimal age for vaccination, it was found that vaccination at a younger age may reduce the risk of CSF infection. Taken together, the risk of CSF outbreaks can be reduced by administering vaccines at the optimal age based on the sequential monitoring of the sow\u2019s immune status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T08:40:04Z","timestamp":1721896804000},"page":"616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Immune Status of Pigs against Classical Swine Fever for Three Years after the Initiation of Vaccination in Gifu Prefecture, Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Kuwata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gifu Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Gifu 501-1112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naotoshi","family":"Kuninaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gifu Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Gifu 501-1112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gifu Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Gifu 501-1112, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0181-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohei","family":"Makita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midori-machi, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norikazu","family":"Isoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7021-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Sakoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan"},{"name":"International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"},{"name":"Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2024, May 28). 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