{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:30:22Z","timestamp":1784100622248,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Finnish Dental Society Apollonia","award":["2022-UKG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-UKG"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Dental Society Apollonia","award":["2023-UKG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-UKG"]}]},{"name":"Minerva Foundation (Finland)","award":["2022-UKG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-UKG"]}]},{"name":"Minerva Foundation (Finland)","award":["2023-UKG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-UKG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human beta-defensins are host defense peptides with broad antimicrobial and inflammatory functions. In the oral cavity, these peptides are produced mainly by the keratinocytes of the epithelium; however, fibroblasts, monocytes, and macrophages also contribute to oral human beta-defensin expressions. The resident and immune cells of the oral cavity come into contact with various microbe-associated molecular patterns continuously and simultaneously. The overall antimicrobial cellular response is highly influenced by local and environmental factors. Recent studies have produced evidence showing that not only systemic chronic diseases but also systemic factors like hyperglycemia, pregnancy, the long-term use of certain vitamins, and aging can modulate oral cellular antimicrobial responses against microbial challenges. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to discuss the role of systemic factors on oral human beta-defensin expressions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T16:14:58Z","timestamp":1722615298000},"page":"654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Systemic Factors Affecting Human Beta-Defensins in Oral Cavity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur","family":"Atalay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemmink\u00e4isenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Medipol University, Goztepe Mahallesi, Ataturk Caddesi 40, Beykoz, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervi","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemmink\u00e4isenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, 20540 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulvi","family":"G\u00fcrsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemmink\u00e4isenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1651158","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2019.1651158","article-title":"Gingival epithelial barrier: Regulation by beneficial and harmful microbes","volume":"7","author":"Takahashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12028","article-title":"Defensins and LL-37: A review of function in the gingival epithelium","volume":"63","author":"Greer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5540-2","article-title":"Human beta-defensins","volume":"63","author":"Pazgier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. 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