{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:10:41Z","timestamp":1784592641970,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007356","name":"Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, the National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute respiratory tract infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. More data are needed on circulating respiratory microorganisms in different geographical areas and ecosystems. We analyzed nasopharyngeal swabs from 500 febrile patients living in the Niakhar area (Senegal), using FTDTM multiplex qPCR and simplex qPCR to target a panel of 25 microorganisms. We detected at least one microorganism for 366\/500 patients (73.2%), at least one virus for 193\/500 (38.6%), and at least one bacterium for 324\/500 (64.8%). The most frequently detected microorganisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (36.8%), Haemophilus\u00a0influenzae (35.8%), adenovirus (11.8%), influenza viruses (6.4%), rhinovirus (5.0%), SARS-CoV-2 (4.0%), and RSV (4.0%). The main microorganisms significantly associated with respiratory symptoms, with a p-value \u2264 0.05, were influenza virus (11.9% in patients with respiratory symptoms versus 2.9% in patients without), RSV (6.5% versus 2.6%), metapneumovirus (5.4% versus 1.3%), HPIVs (7.6% versus 1.0%), S. pneumoniae (51.9% versus 28.0%), and H. influenzae (54.6% versus 24.5%). Co-infections were significantly associated with respiratory symptoms (65.4% versus 32.9%). All the epidemiological data show a high level of circulation of respiratory pathogens among febrile patients, including those preventable by vaccination such as S. pneumoniae, raising the question of the serotypes currently circulating. Furthermore, the availability of affordable real-time etiological diagnostic tools would enable management to be adapted as effectively as possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T16:14:58Z","timestamp":1722615298000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens in Nasopharyngeal Swabs of Febrile Patients with or without Respiratory Symptoms in the Niakhar Area of Rural Senegal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dame","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"EMR MINES, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, IRD, Dakar 1386, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Diatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMR MINES, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, IRD, Dakar 1386, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Bassene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMR MINES, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, IRD, Dakar 1386, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Cortaredona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, IRD, MINES, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masse","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMR MINES, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, IRD, Dakar 1386, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Julienne Selbe","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle","family":"Bedotto-Buffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Edouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6039-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Mediannikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IRD, 13002 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"EMR MINES, Campus Commun UCAD-IRD of Hann, IRD, Dakar 1386, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Fenollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Sant\u00e9 Timone, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, SSA, RITMES, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/42.5.276","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract viral infections in children","volume":"42","author":"Hijazi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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