{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:15:51Z","timestamp":1792188951721,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis (THE) is an acute disease caused by a Siadenovirus that affects 4 week-aged and older turkeys, characterized by acute depression, bloody droppings, and a high mortality rate. The immunosuppressive attributes of THE can protract disease progression and create a predisposition in birds towards subsequent bacterial infectiodoralns involving Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis). Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus (THEV) predominantly affects turkeys and carries substantial economic implications for this industry. Macrophages and B lymphocytes are recognized as the predominant target cells for the virus, while the spleen is the principal site of viral replication. Infected cells have also been observed in various other tissues, including the intestines, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsils, thymus, liver, kidney, peripheral blood leukocytes, and lungs. The economic relevance of this disease is derived both from the high mortality rate, which can reach 60% depending on the virulence of the strain, and from subclinical disease responsible for poor performance in vaccinated animals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of THE, spanning etiology, epidemiology clinical signs and gross lesions, prevention, and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T08:42:28Z","timestamp":1723020148000},"page":"663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Turkey Hemorrhagic Enteritis (THE): A Short Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1496-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Rapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Franciosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Lupini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Catelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell\u2019Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6934-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Filippa","family":"Addis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933917000071","article-title":"Global Poultry Production: Current State and Future Outlook and Challenges","volume":"73","author":"Mottet","year":"2017","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. 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