{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T17:32:16Z","timestamp":1786815136894,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21AI171538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI171538"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba which causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Although PAM is rare, the fatality rate is staggering at over 97%. So, the importance of finding an effective treatment and cure for PAM caused by N. fowleri is a crucial area of research. Existing research on developing novel therapeutic strategies to counter N. fowleri infection is limited. Since the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) presents an obstacle to delivering drugs to the site of infection, it is important to employ strategies that can effectively direct the therapeutics to the brain. In this regard, our review focuses on understanding the physiology and mechanisms by which molecules pass through the BBB, the current treatment options available for PAM, and the recent research conducted in the decade of 2012 to 2022 on the use of nanomaterials to enhance drug delivery. In addition, we compile research findings from other central nervous system (CNS) diseases that use shuttle peptides which allow for transport of molecules through the BBB. The approach of utilizing BBB shuttles to administer drugs through the BBB may open up new areas of drug discovery research in the field of N. fowleri infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T06:23:20Z","timestamp":1723789400000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Approaches for Targeting Naegleria fowleri Using Nanoparticles and Artificial Peptides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8371-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary H.","family":"Leid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9294-3927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anjan","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00332.x","article-title":"The immune response to Naegleria fowleri amebae and pathogenesis of infection","volume":"51","author":"Cabral","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. 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