{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:37:32Z","timestamp":1764085052163,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance (GEIS) Branch","award":["ProMIS ID P0032_23_ME","P0010_22_ME","P016_21_ME","P0013_23_OT","P0175_23_RD","P0022_24_PP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProMIS ID P0032_23_ME","P0010_22_ME","P016_21_ME","P0013_23_OT","P0175_23_RD","P0022_24_PP"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Japanese encephalitis is a disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and is a concern for U.S. military personnel stationed in the Republic of Korea (ROK). The recent literature reports a potential shift from GI to GV as the dominant genotype circulating in east Asia. In the ROK, GV has been reported in a few Culex spp., but not in the main JEV vector, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The goal of this surveillance was to shed light on the current knowledge of the epidemiology of JEV in the ROK by analyzing mosquito collection data from three consecutive years, 2021\u20132023, and molecularly detecting and genotyping JEV in all Culex spp. collected in several military locations across the ROK. In this study, we detected only JEV GI in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in 2021 samples. In contrast, all 2022 and 2023 positive samples were GV and detected in Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. orientalis, and Cx. pipiens. Results support a shift in JEV genotype in the ROK and suggest that for GV, Culex spp. other than Cx. tritaeniorhynchus may be playing an important role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T10:03:12Z","timestamp":1724148192000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Japanese Encephalitis Virus Surveillance in U.S. Army Installations in the Republic of Korea from 2021 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Lado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0417-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Crispell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6750-8042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Zielinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Biology Laboratory, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Jimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology, U.S. Army Public Health Command-Pacific, Camp Zama, Zama City 252-0027, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Mitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Cohnstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), P.O. Box 1807, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genome Science, USAMRIID, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Kugelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genome Science, USAMRIID, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Stoops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Environmental Health Section, Defense Health Agency Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital, Camp Humphreys 96271, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0116547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116547","article-title":"Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Culex orientalis and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Korea","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.3091-3098.2003","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia","volume":"77","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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