{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:39Z","timestamp":1787029239829,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture","award":["APHIS-USDA AP23OA000000C013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APHIS-USDA AP23OA000000C013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza in commercial swine populations leads to reduced gain in fattening pigs and reproductive issues in sows. This literature review aims to analyze the contributions of mathematical modeling in understanding influenza transmission and control among domestic swine. Twenty-two full-text research articles from seven databases were reviewed, categorized into swine-only (n = 13), swine\u2013avian (n = 3), and swine\u2013human models (n = 6). Strains of influenza models were limited to H1N1 (n = 7) and H3N2 (n = 1), with many studies generalizing the disease as influenza A. Half of the studies (n = 14) considered at least one control strategy, with vaccination being the primary investigated strategy. Vaccination was shown to reduce disease prevalence in single animal cohorts. With a continuous flow of new susceptible animals, such as in farrow-to-finish farms, it was shown that influenza became endemic despite vaccination strategies such as mass or batch-to-batch vaccination. Human vaccination was shown to be effective at mitigating human-to-human influenza transmission and to reduce spillover events from pigs. Current control strategies cannot stop influenza in livestock or prevent viral reassortment in swine, so mechanistic models are crucial for developing and testing new biosecurity measures to prevent future swine pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T12:54:42Z","timestamp":1725281682000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanistic Models of Influenza Transmission in Commercial Swine Populations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana C.","family":"Pittman Ratterree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna Chitlapilly","family":"Dass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martial L.","family":"Ndeffo-Mbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806068115","article-title":"Global Trends in Infectious Diseases of Swine","volume":"115","author":"VanderWaal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1153-z","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of Swine Influenza in Intensive and Extensive Farms in the Northeastern Region of the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9251","article-title":"Production Impact of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection on Fattening Pigs in Norway","volume":"94","author":"Er","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3390\/idr13030070","article-title":"Longitudinal Projection of Herd Prevalence of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in the Norwegian Pig Population by Discrete-Time Markov Chain Modelling","volume":"13","author":"Er","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49117-z","article-title":"Potential Pandemic Risk of Circulating Swine H1N2 Influenza Viruses","volume":"15","author":"Rockey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00164-4","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses in Pigs","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richt, J.A., and Webby, R.J. (2013). History and Epidemiology of Swine Influenza in Europe. Swine Influenza, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36871-4"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancera Gracia, J.C., Pearce, D.S., Masic, A., and Balasch, M. (2020). Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00647"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00059-15","article-title":"Domestic Pigs Are Susceptible to Infection with Influenza B Viruses","volume":"89","author":"Ran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Wang, L., Palinski, R., Walsh, T., He, D., Li, Y., Wu, R., Lang, Y., Sunwoo, S.-Y., and Richt, J.A. (2019). Comparison of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Influenza B and D Viruses in Pigs. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100905"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richt, J.A., and Webby, R.J. (2013). History of Swine Influenza. Swine Influenza, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36871-4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-64-1-177","article-title":"Isolation of Influenza C Virus from Pigs and Experimental Infection of Pigs with Influenza C Virus","volume":"64","author":"Guo","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorin, S., Fablet, C., Qu\u00e9guiner, S., Barbier, N., Paboeuf, F., Herv\u00e9, S., Rose, N., and Simon, G. (2019). Assessment of Influenza D Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in France: Apparent Limited Spread within Swine Populations Despite Serological Evidence of Breeding Sow Exposure. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010025"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170059","article-title":"Influenza D Virus in Animal Species in Guangdong Province, Southern China","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-3-711","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibody to Influenza C Virus among Pigs in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan","volume":"72","author":"Yamaoka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117020","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.01170-20","article-title":"Influenza Vaccination of Swine Reduces Public Health Risk at the Swine-Human Interface","volume":"6","author":"Lorbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit303","article-title":"Transmissibility of Variant Influenza from Swine to Humans: A Modeling Approach","volume":"57","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12948","article-title":"Evidence of Influenza A Infection and Risk of Transmission between Pigs and Farmworkers","volume":"69","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2009.131082","article-title":"Swine-to-Human Transmission of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus at Agricultural Fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Bowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2309.170847","article-title":"Influenza A(H3N2) Virus in Swine at Agricultural Fairs and Transmission to Humans, Michigan and Ohio, USA, 2016","volume":"23","author":"Bowman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-019-0141-x","article-title":"Reproductive Performance of Pandemic Influenza A Virus Infected Sow Herds before and after Implementation of a Vaccine against the Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 Virus","volume":"6","author":"Gumbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.011","article-title":"Failure of Protection and Enhanced Pneumonia with a US H1N2 Swine Influenza Virus in Pigs Vaccinated with an Inactivated Classical Swine H1N1 Vaccine","volume":"126","author":"Vincent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01300.x","article-title":"Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Pigs","volume":"59","author":"Torremorell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.121637","article-title":"Active Surveillance for Influenza A Virus among Swine, Midwestern United States, 2009\u20132011","volume":"19","author":"Corzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01270.x","article-title":"Serological Surveillance of Influenza A Virus Infection in Swine Populations in Fujian Province, China: No Evidence of Naturally Occurring H5N1 Infection in Pigs","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-021-00196-0","article-title":"Current and Prospective Control Strategies of Influenza A Virus in Swine","volume":"7","author":"Salvesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Er, C., Lium, B., Tavornpanich, S., Hofmo, P.O., Forberg, H., Hauge, A.G., Gr\u00f8ntvedt, C.A., Framstad, T., and Brun, E. (2014). Adverse Effects of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection on Growth Performance of Norwegian Pigs\u2014A Longitudinal Study at a Boar Testing Station. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0284-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.014480-0","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Transmission of the Novel Swine-Origin Influenza Virus A\/H1N1 after Experimental Infection of Pigs","volume":"90","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300385","article-title":"From Snoot to Tail: A Brief Review of Influenza Virus Infection and Immunity in Pigs","volume":"211","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106232","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Influenza Transmission between Workers and Pigs on US Indoor Hog Growing Units","volume":"230","author":"Kontowicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allerson, M.W., Cardona, C.J., and Torremorell, M. (2013). Indirect Transmission of Influenza A Virus between Pig Populations under Two Different Biosecurity Settings. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067293"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-204","article-title":"Airborne Spread and Infection of a Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corzo, C.A., Culhane, M., Dee, S., Morrison, R.B., and Torremorell, M. (2013). Airborne Detection and Quantification of Swine Influenza a Virus in Air Samples Collected Inside, Outside and Downwind from Swine Barns. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071444"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1224","article-title":"Survival and Transmission of Swine Influenza A Virus within and between Farms","volume":"29","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petro-Turnquist, E., Pekarek, M.J., and Weaver, E.A. (2024). Swine Influenza A Virus: Challenges and Novel Vaccine Strategies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1336013"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-024-00367-9","article-title":"Influenza Surveillance in Pigs: Balancing Act between Broad Diagnostic Coverage and Specific Virus Characterization","volume":"10","author":"Stadler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Moreno, G., Schmitt, C., Spronk, T., Culhane, M., and Torremorell, M. (2022). Evaluation of Internal Farm Biosecurity Measures Combined with Sow Vaccination to Prevent Influenza A Virus Infection in Groups of Due-to-Wean Pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03494-z"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61505-X","article-title":"Mathematical Models in the Evaluation of Health Programmes","volume":"378","author":"Garnett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polonsky, J.A., Baidjoe, A., Kamvar, Z.N., Cori, A., Durski, K., Edmunds, W.J., Eggo, R.M., Funk, S., Kaiser, L., and Keating, P. (2019). Outbreak Analytics: A Developing Data Science for Informing the Response to Emerging Pathogens. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 374.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0276"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx014","article-title":"Dynamic Models of Infectious Disease Transmission in Prisons and the General Population","volume":"40","author":"Vigliotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12215","article-title":"One-Health Simulation Modelling: A Case Study of Influenza Spread between Human and Swine Populations Using NAADSM","volume":"63","author":"Dorjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.05.019","article-title":"The North American Animal Disease Spread Model: A Simulation Model to Assist Decision Making in Evaluating Animal Disease Incursions","volume":"82","author":"Harvey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.023","article-title":"The Impact of Maternally Derived Immunity on Influenza A Virus Transmission in Neonatal Pig Populations","volume":"31","author":"Allerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.04.018","article-title":"Evaluation of Early Single Dose Vaccination on Swine Influenza A Virus Transmission in Piglets: From Experimental Data to Mechanistic Modelling","volume":"41","author":"Andraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cador, C., Rose, N., Willem, L., and Andraud, M. (2016). Maternally Derived Immunity Extends Swine Influenza A Virus Persistence within Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms: Insights from a Stochastic Event-Driven Metapopulation Model. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163672"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0462-1","article-title":"Control of Endemic Swine Flu Persistence in Farrow-to-Finish Pig Farms: A Stochastic Metapopulation Modeling Assessment","volume":"48","author":"Cador","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etbaigha, F., R Willms, A., and Poljak, Z. (2018). An SEIR Model of Influenza A Virus Infection and Reinfection within a Farrow-to-Finish Swine Farm. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202493"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01892-4","article-title":"Simulation Modeling of Influenza Transmission through Backyard Pig Trade Networks in a Wildlife\/livestock Interface Area","volume":"51","author":"Wiratsudakul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6696","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7696","article-title":"Global Migration of Influenza A Viruses in Swine","volume":"6","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160138","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0138","article-title":"High Turnover Drives Prolonged Persistence of Influenza in Managed Pig Herds","volume":"13","author":"Pitzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, J.J.H., Torremorell, M., and Craft, M.E. (2014). Mathematical Modeling of Influenza A Virus Dynamics within Swine Farms and the Effects of Vaccination. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106177"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-120","article-title":"Vaccination of Influenza a Virus Decreases Transmission Rates in Pigs","volume":"42","author":"Romagosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2004.07.017","article-title":"A Framework for Decision Support Related to Infectious Diseases in Slaughter Pig Fattening Units","volume":"85","author":"Toft","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.12.013","article-title":"Influenza A Virus in Swine Breeding Herds: Combination of Vaccination and Biosecurity Practices Can Reduce Likelihood of Endemic Piglet Reservoir","volume":"138","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F., and Cui, J. (2016, January 15\u201317). Cross-Species Epidemic Dynamic Model of Influenza. Proceedings of the 2016 9th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, BioMedical Engineering and Informatics (CISP-BMEI), Datong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP-BMEI.2016.7852965"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coburn, B.J., Cosner, C., and Ruan, S. (2011). Emergence and Dynamics of Influenza Super-Strains. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-S1-S6"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12080-013-0180-x","article-title":"Multi-Species SIR Models from a Dynamical Bayesian Perspective","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-017-0290-5","article-title":"The Dynamics of a SEIR-SIRC Antigenic Drift Influenza Model","volume":"79","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontowicz, E., Moreno-Madri\u00f1an, M., Ragland, D., and Beauvais, W. (2023). A Stochastic Compartmental Model to Simulate Intra- and Inter-Species Influenza Transmission in an Indoor Swine Farm. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278495"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.6.338","article-title":"Confined Animal Feeding Operations as Amplifiers of Influenza","volume":"6","author":"Saenz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012018","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1175\/1\/012018","article-title":"The Spread of A-H1N1 Swine Flu with Prevention and Healing Efforts in a Mixed Population: Mathematical Model and Dynamical Analysis","volume":"1175","author":"Widayanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veae017","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae017","article-title":"Swine Influenza A Virus Infection Dynamics and Evolution in Intensive Pig Production Systems","volume":"10","author":"Lagan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Donovan, T. (2005). The Role of Influenza on Growing Pig Performance, University of Minnesota."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.51.3.268","article-title":"Lessons from Pandemic H1N1 2009 to Improve Prevention, Detection, and Response to Influenza Pandemics from a One Health Perspective","volume":"51","author":"Pappaioanou","year":"2010","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.5","article-title":"Exploration of Risk Factors Contributing to the Presence of Influenza A Virus in Swine at Agricultural Fairs","volume":"3","author":"Bowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.106083","article-title":"Understanding If the Reward Is Worth the Influenza Risk: The True Cost of Showing Pigs","volume":"222","author":"Brophy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2712.210298","article-title":"Characterization of Swine Influenza A(H1N2) Variant, Alberta, Canada, 2020","volume":"27","author":"Kanji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tochetto, C., Junqueira, D.M., Anderson, T.K., Gava, D., Haach, V., Cant\u00e3o, M.E., Vincent Baker, A.L., and Schaefer, R. (2023). Introductions of Human-Origin Seasonal H3N2, H1N2 and Pre-2009 H1N1 Influenza Viruses to Swine in Brazil. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020576"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/746\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:10Z","timestamp":1760111170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13090746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090746","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]}}}