{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T23:14:42Z","timestamp":1780701282510,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit of the Department of Plant Protection (ENA-Mekn\u00e8s)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apple scab, caused by the pathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis, can result in significant economic losses. The frequent use of fungicidal products has led to the emergence of isolates resistant to commonly used active substances. Therefore, biological control offers a sustainable alternative for managing apple scab. In this study, eight Trichoderma isolates were evaluated against five different isolates of V. inaequalis isolated from the Fes-Meknes region. The biocontrol potential of these Trichoderma isolates had previously been demonstrated against other pathogens. The results indicated that the inhibition rate of mycelial growth of V. inaequalis obtained with Trichoderma spp. isolates ranged from 50% to 81%, with significant differences observed among the pathogenic isolates after 5 and 12 days of incubation. In addition, the in vitro tests with Trichoderma cell-free filtrates showed inhibition rates ranging from 2% to 79%, while inhibition rates ranged from 5% to 78% for volatile compound tests. Interestingly, the inhibition of spore germination and elongation was approximately 40\u201350%, suggesting the involvement of antifungal metabolites in their biocontrol activities. The in vivo bioassay on detached apple leaves confirmed the biocontrol potential of these Trichoderma isolates and demonstrated their ability to preventively control apple scab disease. However, their efficacies were still lower than those of the fungicidal product difenoconazole. These findings could contribute to the development of an effective biofungicide based on these Trichoderma isolates for reliable and efficient apple scab control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T12:54:42Z","timestamp":1725281682000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Harnessing Trichoderma spp.: A Promising Approach to Control Apple Scab Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Safae","family":"Gouit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d\u2019Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismahane","family":"Chair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2436-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zineb","family":"Belabess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"},{"name":"Plant Protection Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Mekn\u00e8s, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Km 13, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP 578, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7438-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikram","family":"Legrifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d\u2019Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9895-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadija","family":"Goura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorization of Phyto-Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Avenue Zitoune, Mekn\u00e8s 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5258-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdessalem","family":"Tahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Lazraq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, P.O. Box 2202, Route d\u2019Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1299-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachid","family":"Lahlali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d\u2019Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S\/40, Mekn\u00e8s 50001, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.108","article-title":"Assessment of Sustainable Deficit Irrigation in a Moroccan Apple Orchard as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy","volume":"642","author":"Abouabdillah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. 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