{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:12:04Z","timestamp":1791511924064,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change is no longer a hypothetical problem in the Caribbean but a new reality to which regional public health systems must adapt. One of its significant impacts is the increased transmission of infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, which is endemic in the region, and the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector responsible for transmitting the disease. (1) Methods: To assess the association between climatic factors and human dengue virus infections in the Caribbean, we conducted a systematic review of published studies on MEDLINE and Web of Science databases according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. (2) Results: In total, 153 papers were identified, with 27 studies selected that met the inclusion criteria ranging from the northern and southern Caribbean. Rainfall\/precipitation and vapor pressure had a strong positive association with dengue incidence, whereas the evidence for the impact of temperatures was mixed. (3) Conclusions: The interaction between climate and human dengue disease in the Caribbean is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including waste management, infrastructure risks, land use changes, and challenged public health systems. Thus, more detailed research is necessary to understand the complexity of dengue within the wider Caribbean and achieve better dengue disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1725336401000},"page":"756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Impact of Climate on Human Dengue Infections in the Caribbean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk Osmond","family":"Douglas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biosecurity Studies, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Resource Management, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Sabino-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave Rm. 5718, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Centre for Virology Research, School of Medicine in Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6473-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Chami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, & Physics, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5481-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Troy","family":"Lorde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"299","article-title":"Epidemiology of dengue: Past, present and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2595","article-title":"Fever from the forest: Prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health","volume":"9","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax4144","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax4144","article-title":"Mapping global variation in dengue transmission intensity","volume":"12","author":"Cattarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00576-1","article-title":"Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Sweileh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14130","article-title":"Collaborative study to establish World Health Organization international reference reagents for dengue virus Types 1 to 4 RNA for use in nucleic acid testing","volume":"57","author":"Volkova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"PAHO (2024). PAHO Urges Countries to Strengthen Dengue Prevention in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean, Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO). Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/en\/news\/24-5-2024-paho-urges-countries-strengthen-dengue-prevention-central-america-mexico-and#:~:text=As%20of%20mid%2DMay%202024,%2C%20Peru%2C%20Colombia%20and%20Mexico."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"BGIS (2024, July 28). Health Ministry\u2019s Updates on Dengue Fever, Gastro & Respiratory Illnesses Government Blog Update, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.bb\/News\/Press-Releases\/Health-Ministry-s-Updates-On-Dengu#:~:text=Up%20to%20the%20week%20ending,cases%2C%20and%20105%20confirmed%20cases."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Castaneda, J., Barreto dos Santos, F., Martinez-Vega, R., Galv\u00e3o de Araujo, J.M., Joint, G., and Sarti, E. (2017). Dengue in Latin America: Systematic review of molecular epidemiological trends. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005224"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salazar, M.I., Richardson, J.H., S\u00e1nchez-Vargas, I., Olson, K.E., and Beaty, B.J. (2007). Dengue virus type 2: Replication and tropisms in orally infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. BMC Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2117589119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2117589119","article-title":"Dengue virus infection modifies mosquito blood-feeding behavior to increase transmission to the host","volume":"119","author":"Saron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.24043\/isj.52","article-title":"Islandness within climate change narratives of small island developing states (SIDS)","volume":"13","author":"Kelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Isl. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00004-8","article-title":"Climate effects on health in Small Islands Developing States","volume":"5","author":"Tukuitonga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, K.O., Payne, K., Sabino-Santos, G., and Agard, J. (2021). Influence of climatic factors on human hantavirus infections in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010015"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Parry, M., Parry, M.L., Canziani, O., Palutikof, J., Van der Linden, P., and Hanson, C. (2007). Climate Change 2007\u2014Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1070496509347088","article-title":"Climate change in the Caribbean: The water management implications","volume":"19","author":"Cashman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2987\/20-6953.1","article-title":"Breeding Sites of Synanthropic Mosquitoes in Zika-Affected Areas of the Dominican Republic","volume":"37","author":"Tapia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0074.1","article-title":"Future Caribbean climates in a world of rising temperatures: The 1.5 vs 2.0 dilemma","volume":"31","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"462","article-title":"Malaria and its vectors in the Caribbean: The continuing challenge of the disease forty-five years after eradication from the islands","volume":"57","author":"Rawlins","year":"2008","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12498","article-title":"Dengue epidemiology in selected endemic countries: Factors influencing expansion factors as estimates of underreporting","volume":"20","author":"Toan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Col\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Peres, C.A., Steiner S\u00e3o Bernardo, C., Hunter, P.R., and Lake, I.R. (2017). After the epidemic: Zika virus projections for Latin America and the Caribbean. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006007"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0919","article-title":"Spatiotemporal tools for emerging and endemic disease hotspots in small areas: An analysis of dengue and chikungunya in Barbados, 2013\u20132016","volume":"103","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2021.1878445","article-title":"Mayaro virus detection in patients from rural and urban areas in Trinidad and Tobago during the Chikungunya and Zika virus outbreaks","volume":"115","author":"Churaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0846","article-title":"Seasonal Distribution and Climatic Correlates of Dengue Disease in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"94","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Li, T., and Jiang, L. (2023). Why Does a Stronger El Ni\u00f1o Favor Developing towards the Eastern Pacific while a Stronger La Ni\u00f1a Favors Developing towards the Central Pacific?. Atmosphere, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14071185"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00338","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of dengue infections in Cura\u00e7ao: A 21-year analysis","volume":"24","author":"Roelofs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf7202","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf7202","article-title":"Disentangling local and global climate drivers in the population dynamics of mosquito-borne infections","volume":"9","author":"Cazelles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e527","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00056-6","article-title":"The current landscape of software tools for the climate-sensitive infectious disease modelling community","volume":"7","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littell, J.H., Corcoran, J., and Pillai, V. (2008). Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195326543.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12175","article-title":"Climate variability and the occurrence of human puumala hantavirus infections in Europe: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Schumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Stocker, T. (2014). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20391-x","article-title":"Asynchronicity of endemic and emerging mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic","volume":"12","author":"Petrone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120400012868","article-title":"Climatological variables and the incidence of Dengue fever in Barbados","volume":"14","author":"Depradine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.02.458","article-title":"The 2008 dengue epidemic on Cura\u00e7ao: Correlation with climatological factors","volume":"14","author":"Limper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adde, A., Roucou, P., Mangeas, M., Ardillon, V., Desenclos, J.-C., Rousset, D., Girod, R., Briolant, S., Quenel, P., and Flamand, C. (2016). Predicting dengue fever outbreaks in French Guiana using climate indicators. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004681"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francis, K., Edwards, O., and Telesford, L. (2023). Climate and dengue transmission in Grenada for the period 2010\u20132020: Should we be concerned?. PLOS Clim., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pclm.0000122"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, R., Gasparrini, A., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Lippi, C.A., Mahon, R., Trotman, A.R., Rollock, L., Hinds, A.Q., Ryan, S.J., and Stewart-Ibarra, A.M. (2018). Nonlinear and delayed impacts of climate on dengue risk in Barbados: A modelling study. PLoS Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002613"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120701849836","article-title":"Climate influence on dengue epidemics in Puerto Rico","volume":"18","author":"Jury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, M.A., Dominici, F., and Glass, G.E. (2009). Local and global effects of climate on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000382"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, M.A., Cummings, D.A., and Glass, G.E. (2009). Multiyear climate variability and dengue\u2014El Nino southern oscillation, weather, and dengue incidence in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Thailand: A longitudinal data analysis. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000168"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9409","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110909409","article-title":"Assessing climate variability effects on dengue incidence in San Juan, Puerto Rico","volume":"11","author":"Otis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13652","article-title":"Susceptible host availability modulates climate effects on dengue dynamics","volume":"24","author":"Nova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, K.O., Dutta, S.K., Martina, B., Anfasa, F., Samuels, T.A., and Gittens-St. Hilaire, M. (2020). Dengue fever and severe dengue in Barbados, 2008\u20132016. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5020068"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0074","article-title":"Factors associated with dengue mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1995\u20132009: An ecological study","volume":"86","author":"Waldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X157059","article-title":"Climate, mosquito indices and the epidemiology of dengue fever in Trinidad (2002\u20132004)","volume":"101","author":"Chadee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"43","article-title":"Estimated Effects of Climate Variables on Transmission of Malaria, Dengue and Leptospirosis within Georgetown, Guyana","volume":"65","author":"Boston","year":"2017","journal-title":"West Indian Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3354\/cr019035","article-title":"Dengue epidemics and the El Ni\u00f1o southern oscillation","volume":"19","author":"Gagnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-007-9114-5","article-title":"Dengue epidemics in the Caribbean-temperature indices to gauge the potential for onset of dengue","volume":"13","author":"Amarakoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12213","article-title":"Climate factors as important determinants of dengue incidence in Cura\u00e7ao","volume":"63","author":"Limper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-166","article-title":"Time series analysis of dengue incidence in Guadeloupe, French West Indies: Forecasting models using climate variables as predictors","volume":"11","author":"Gharbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.07.002","article-title":"Event history analysis of dengue fever epidemic and inter-epidemic spells in Barbados, Brazil, and Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00443-3","article-title":"An investigation into the cyclical incidence of dengue fever","volume":"53","author":"Keating","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840100090","article-title":"An investigation of relationships between climate and dengue using a water budgeting technique","volume":"45","author":"Schreiber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buczak, A.L., Baugher, B., Moniz, L.J., Bagley, T., Babin, S.M., and Guven, E. (2018). Ensemble method for dengue prediction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189988"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2020.100375","article-title":"Spatiotemporal modeling of dengue fever risk in Puerto Rico","volume":"35","author":"Puggioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat. Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, S., and Mendon\u00e7a, F.d.A. (2020). Past, present, and future vulnerability to dengue in Jamaica: A spatial analysis of monthly variations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093156"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8434","article-title":"Assessment of human health vulnerability to climate variability and change in Cuba","volume":"114","author":"Valencia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.12","article-title":"Geographical distribution of the association between El Ni\u00f1o South Oscillation and dengue fever in the Americas: A continental analysis using geographical information system-based techniques","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas, K.O., Samuels, T.A., Iheozor-Ejiofor, R., Vapalahti, O., Sironen, T., and Gittens-St Hilaire, M. (2021). Serological Evidence of Human Orthohantavirus Infections in Barbados, 2008 to 2016. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050571"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, J.M., Blair, P.J., Carroll, D.S., Mills, J.N., Gianella, A., Iihoshi, N., Briggiler, A.M., Felices, V., Salazar, M., and Olson, J.G. (2012). Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Outbreak investigation and antibody prevalence study. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001840"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040143","article-title":"Outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999\u20132000","volume":"10","author":"Bayard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.274","article-title":"An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in western Paraguay","volume":"57","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2013.10.002","article-title":"Dengue epidemiology and burden of disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Cafferata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Value Health Reg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"73","article-title":"An observation on correlation between rainfall and the prevalence of clinical cases of dengue in Thailand","volume":"43","author":"Wiwanitkit","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600203X","article-title":"Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines","volume":"145","author":"Sumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232015212.09592015","article-title":"Temporal relationship between rainfall, temperature and occurrence of dengue cases in S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedum, C.M., Seidahmed, O.M., Eltahir, E.A., and Markuzon, N. (2018). Statistical modeling of the effect of rainfall flushing on dengue transmission in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006935"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3705.1","article-title":"The Influence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Caribbean Tropical Cyclone Activity","volume":"24","author":"Klotzbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-20-0100.1","article-title":"Dynamical Characteristics of Drought in the Caribbean from Observations and Simulations","volume":"33","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2019.02.003","article-title":"Sensitivity of large dengue epidemics in Ecuador to long-lead predictions of El Ni\u00f1o","volume":"15","author":"Petrova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Serv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.200","article-title":"Weather variables and the El Nino Southern Oscillation may drive the epidemics of dengue in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"624","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damtew, Y.T., Tong, M., Varghese, B.M., Anikeeva, O., Hansen, A., Dear, K., Zhang, Y., Morgan, G., Driscoll, T., and Capon, T. (2023). Effects of high temperatures and heatwaves on dengue fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eBioMedicine, 91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104582"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.06.003","article-title":"Seasonality on the life cycle of Aedes aegypti mosquito and its statistical relation with dengue outbreaks","volume":"50","author":"Pliego","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Bennett, J.E., Dolin, R., and Blaser, M.J. (2019). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1024-8","article-title":"Effects of ventilation behaviour on indoor heat load based on test reference years","volume":"60","author":"Rosenfelder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150270","article-title":"Mayaro virus and dengue virus 1 and 4 natural infection in culicids from Cuiab\u00e1, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"111","author":"Serra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias Do Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2010.00864.x","article-title":"Septic tanks as larval habitats for the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Playa-Playita, Puerto Rico","volume":"24","author":"Burke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenneson, A., Beltr\u00e1n-Ayala, E., Borbor-Cordova, M.J., Polhemus, M.E., Ryan, S.J., Endy, T.P., and Stewart-Ibarra, A.M. (2017). Social-ecological factors and preventive actions decrease the risk of dengue infection at the household-level: Results from a prospective dengue surveillance study in Machala, Ecuador. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/136382"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8947067","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8947067","article-title":"Interrelationship between climatic, ecologic, social, and cultural determinants affecting dengue emergence and transmission in Puerto Rico and their implications for Zika response","volume":"2017","author":"Matysiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1058-x","article-title":"Why are people with dengue dying? A scoping review of determinants for dengue mortality","volume":"15","author":"Carabali","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veaa074","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa074","article-title":"Determinants of dengue virus dispersal in the Americas","volume":"6","author":"Allicock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00720.x","article-title":"Unusual productivity of Aedes aegypti in septic tanks and its implications for dengue control","volume":"22","author":"Barrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2009.tb10010.x","article-title":"Water loss management in developing countries: Challenges and prospec","volume":"101","author":"Mutikanga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. -Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krystosik, A., Njoroge, G., Odhiambo, L., Forsyth, J.E., Mutuku, F., and LaBeaud, A.D. (2020). Solid wastes provide breeding sites, burrows, and food for biological disease vectors, and urban zoonotic reservoirs: A call to action for solutions-based research. Front. Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00405"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2495\/FRIAR120161","article-title":"The role of solid waste management as a response to urban flood risk in developing countries, a case study analysis","volume":"159","author":"Lamond","year":"2012","journal-title":"WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-0721","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Travelers With Severe Dengue: A GeoSentinel Analysis","volume":"176","author":"Huits","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47774-8","article-title":"Travel surveillance uncovers dengue virus dynamics and introductions in the Caribbean","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.3c00769","article-title":"Wastewater detection of emerging arbovirus infections: Case study of Dengue in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Wolfe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roldan-Hernandez, L., Van Oost, C., and Boehm, A.B. (Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., 2024). Solid\u2013liquid partitioning of dengue, West Nile, Zika, hepatitis A, influenza A, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses in wastewater from across the USA, Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol., advance article.","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EW00225C"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, J.C.C., Tay, M., Hapuarachchi, H.C., Lee, B., Yeo, G., Maliki, D., Lee, W., Suhaimi, N.-A.M., Chio, K., and Tan, W.C.H. (2024). Case report: Zika surveillance complemented with wastewater and mosquito testing. eBioMedicine, 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105020"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114687","article-title":"Establishment of quantitative and recovery method for detection of dengue virus in wastewater with noncognate spike control","volume":"314","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.071","article-title":"Patterns of signs, symptoms, and laboratory values associated with Zika, dengue, and undefined acute illnesses in a dengue endemic region: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study in southern Mexico","volume":"98","author":"Hunsberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/756\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:36Z","timestamp":1760111256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/756"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13090756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090756","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]}}}