{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:15Z","timestamp":1760145975024,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fungal infections constitute a significant challenge and continue to be a predominant cause of treatment failure in pediatric leukemia cases. Despite the implementation of antifungal prophylaxis, these infections contribute to approximately 20% of cases in children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The aim of this study is to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with invasive fungal infections (IFIs). We also present a review of the epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and a clinical presentation of IFI in patients with ALL. This case report details the clinical course of confirmed Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Aspergillus spp. infections during the consolidation phase of ALL treatment in a 5-year-old pediatric patient. This male patient did not experience any complications until Day 28 of protocol II. Then, the patient\u2019s condition deteriorated. Blood culture detected the growth of C. albicans. Despite the implementation of targeted therapy, the boy\u2019s condition did not show improvement. The appearance of respiratory symptoms necessitated a computed tomography (CT) of the chest, which revealed multiple nodular densities atypical for C. albicans etiology. In spite of ongoing antifungal treatment, the lesions depicted in the CT scans showed no regression. A lung biopsy ultimately identified Aspergillus species as the source of the infection. Overcoming fungal infections poses a considerable challenge; therefore, an accurate diagnosis and the prompt initiation of targeted therapy are crucial in managing these infections in patients with leukemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:06:06Z","timestamp":1725858366000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge Caused by Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. Infections in a Pediatric Patient as a Complication of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1706-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Zaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Kopyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Kamizela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Zarychta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lejman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7207-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Zawitkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2017.1.251","article-title":"Crisis Management in the Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Putting Right What Can Go Wrong (Emergency Complications of Disease and Treatment)","volume":"2017","author":"Hough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-248146","article-title":"Molecular Response to Treatment Redefines All Prognostic Factors in Children and Adolescents with B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results in 3184 Patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 Study","volume":"115","author":"Conter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.221","article-title":"Outcome of TCF3-PBX1 Positive Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients in Japan: A Collaborative Study of Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study (JACLS) and Children\u2019s Cancer and Leukemia Study Group (CCLSG)","volume":"3","author":"Asai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.247031","article-title":"Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Inaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-560847","article-title":"Infection-Related Mortality in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Analysis of Infectious Deaths on UKALL2003","volume":"124","author":"Bate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.04.005","article-title":"Infectious Profile in Children with ALL during Chemotherapy: A Report of Study Group for Infections","volume":"25","author":"Zawitkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawitkowska, J., Drabko, K., Lejman, M., Kowalczyk, A., Czy\u017cewski, K., Dziedzic, M., Jaremek, K., Zalas-Wi\u0119cek, P., Szmydki-Baran, A., and Hutnik, \u0141. (2023). Incidence of Bacterial and Fungal Infections in Polish Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia during the Pandemic. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50093-5"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawitkowska, J., Drabko, K., Czy\u017cewski, K., Dziedzic, M., Jaremek, K., Zalas-Wi\u0119cek, P., Szmydki-Baran, A., Hutnik, \u0141., Matysiak, M., and Czoga\u0142a, W. (2022). Viral Infection Profile in Children Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia\u2014Results of Nationwide Study. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101091"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-022-01192-5","article-title":"Neutropenia and Infection Prophylaxis in Childhood Cancer","volume":"24","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01768-x","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Diseases Impact on Outcome of Childhood ALL\u2014An Analysis of the International Trial AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009","volume":"37","author":"Lehrnbecher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calle-Miguel, L., Garrido-Colino, C., Santiago-Garc\u00eda, B., Moreno Santos, M.P., Gonzalo Pascual, H., Ponce Salas, B., Bel\u00e9ndez Bieler, C., Navarro G\u00f3mez, M., Guinea Ortega, J., and Rinc\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez, E.M. (2023). Changes in the Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Disease in a Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit: The Relevance of Breakthrough Infections. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08314-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021039","DOI":"10.4084\/MJHID.2021.039","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Diseases in Children with Acute Leukemia and Severe Aplastic Anemia","volume":"13","author":"Supatharawanich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2024, August 15). International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Available online: https:\/\/Trialsearch.Who.Int\/Trial2.Aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2020-005017-41-PL."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30723-3","article-title":"8th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia: 2020 Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Invasive Fungal Diseases in Paediatric Patients with Cancer or Post-Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Groll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"62","article-title":"Standardy Post\u0119powania Diagnostyczno-Terapeutycznego w Zaka\u017ceniach Bakteryjnych u Dzieci: Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Onkologii i Hematologii Dzieci\u0119cej. Standards of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Bacterial Infections in Children: Recommendations of Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology","volume":"47","author":"Salamonowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Przegl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30725-7","article-title":"8th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia: 2020 Guidelines for the Use of Antibiotics in Paediatric Patients with Cancer or Post-Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Lehrnbecher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac228","article-title":"High Intrapulmonary Rifampicin and Isoniazid Concentrations Are Associated with Rapid Sputum Bacillary Clearance in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"75","author":"McCallum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2006.11928154","article-title":"Tigecycline (Tygacil): The First in the Glycylcycline Class of Antibiotics","volume":"19","author":"Greer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, M., and Tolmasky, M. (2017). Amikacin: Uses, Resistance, and Prospects for Inhibition. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22122267"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardie, K.R., and Fenn, S.J. (2022). JMM Profile: Rifampicin: A Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic. J. Med. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001566"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix030","article-title":"Risk Factors for Invasive Fungal Disease in Pediatric Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000875","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in Pediatric Acute Myelogenous Leukemia","volume":"34","author":"Ducassou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12910","article-title":"Retrospective Study on the Incidence and Outcome of Proven and Probable Invasive Fungal Infections in High-Risk Pediatric Onco-Hematological Patients","volume":"99","author":"Cesaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12792","article-title":"Candidemia in Children: Epidemiology, Prevention and Management","volume":"61","author":"Mantadakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Virulence of Candida Albicans","volume":"13","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3550","article-title":"Regulators of Commensal and Pathogenic Life-Styles of an Opportunistic Fungus-Candida Albicans","volume":"38","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x","article-title":"Candida Glabrata, Candida Parapsilosis and Candida Tropicalis: Biology, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity and Antifungal Resistance","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad075","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad075","article-title":"We Need to Talk about Candida Tropicalis: Virulence Factors and Survival Mechanisms","volume":"61","author":"Ishida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-6","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Disease in PICU: Epidemiology and Risk Factors","volume":"2","author":"Brissaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01842-7","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in Neonates: A Review","volume":"91","author":"Weimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2019.12.002","article-title":"Febrile Neutropenia in Paediatric Oncology","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1086\/522533","article-title":"A Prospective Study on the Epidemiology of Febrile Episodes during Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Children with Cancer or after Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"45","author":"Castagnola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002723","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in Children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Single-Center Experience over 19 Years","volume":"45","author":"Avcu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-2722-0","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictors of Invasive Fungal Infections in Children with Persistent Febrile Neutropenia Treated for Acute Leukemia\u2014A Prospective Study","volume":"85","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180038","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.38","article-title":"Pediatric Patients at Risk for Fever in Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Bern, Switzerland, 1993\u20132012","volume":"5","author":"Zermatten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2055","article-title":"Not Just Little Adults: Candidemia Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization, and Antifungal Susceptibility in Neonatal and Pediatric Patients","volume":"123","author":"Blyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix053","article-title":"Recognition and Clinical Presentation of Invasive Fungal Disease in Neonates and Children","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcped.2024.100142","article-title":"Infections in Children and Adolescents with Acute Leukemia","volume":"3","author":"Carlesse","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJC Paediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16452","article-title":"Fungal Infections in Children with Haematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"189","author":"Otto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12576","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in Pediatric Patients Treated with Tumor Necrosis Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) Inhibitors","volume":"60","author":"Tragiannidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.487796","article-title":"Candidemia in Children","volume":"26","author":"Zaoutis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors for Candidemia in a Canadian Tertiary Paediatric Hospital: An 11-Year Review","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2021.08.013","article-title":"Risk Factors for Candidemia in Neonates: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neonatal. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.03.026","article-title":"Risk Factors and Clinical Analysis of Candidemia in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates","volume":"44","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"136","article-title":"Infectious Complications in Hematology","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, L., Wen, X.-S., and Xian, C.J. (2021). Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Impairs Mucosal Homeostasis by Modulating Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179474"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Fang, D., Lv, Q., Wang, Z., and Liu, Y. (2021). Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in the Battle Against Pathogenic Bacteria. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.673239"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2233-1021","article-title":"Abdominal Aspergillosis\u2014An Underdiagnosed Disease? Three Cases of Abdominal Aspergillosis in Severely Immunocompromised Infants","volume":"236","author":"Hauch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002394","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit","volume":"38","author":"Mantadakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.5603\/AHP.a2023.0030","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Disease Presenting as Septic Shock in Immunocompromised Pediatric and Adult Patients: Summary of Reported Cases","volume":"54","author":"Sadlok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Haematol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Liu, C., and Zheng, X. (2022). Clinical Features of Invasive Fungal Disease in Children with No Underlying Disease. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03099-w"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003927","article-title":"Prevalence, Predictive Factors, and Clinical Manifestations of Fungal Esophagitis in Children","volume":"77","author":"Correia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, A., Jain, S., and Rawat, S. (2010). Emerging Fungal Infections among Children: A Review on Its Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Prevention. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.72131"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2012.02182.x","article-title":"New Insights into Hepatosplenic Candidosis, a Manifestation of Chronic Disseminated Candidosis","volume":"55","author":"Rammaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2011.01.022","article-title":"Hepatosplenic Candidiasis in Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Patients","volume":"75","author":"Sevilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"An. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13002","article-title":"Clinical Features and Outcome of Hepatosplenic Fungal Infections in Children with Haematological Malignancies","volume":"63","author":"Madney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graeter, A., Lee, D., Handley, G., Baluch, A., and Klinkova, O. (2024). Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis in a Patient with Acute Leukemia\u2014An Illustrative Case and Brief Review for Clinicians. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09172-9"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2009.09.001","article-title":"Candida and the Paediatric Lung","volume":"10","author":"Pasqualotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-016-3696-6","article-title":"Fungal Infections of the Lung in Children","volume":"46","author":"Toma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"99","article-title":"Fungal Lung Disease","volume":"37","author":"Koltsida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.008","article-title":"Aspergillosis Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"35","author":"Cadena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37160","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037160","article-title":"Invasive Pulmonary and Central Nervous System Aspergillosis in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"103","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200110000-00013","article-title":"Fatal Myocardial Aspergillosis in an Immunosuppressed Child","volume":"23","author":"Ozsahin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000898","article-title":"Manifestations of Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Pediatrics","volume":"32","author":"Chacko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.12.004","article-title":"Galactosaminogalactan Secreted from Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus Flavus Induces Platelet Activation","volume":"22","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00714-4","article-title":"The Challenge of Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Children: A Review of Existing and Emerging Tools","volume":"188","author":"Yeoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1776998","article-title":"Radiological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"45","author":"Laurent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2021.0055","article-title":"Radiological patterns of pulmonary fungal infection in pediatric hematology and oncology patients","volume":"55","author":"Bain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e935971-1","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.935971","article-title":"Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Children: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"23","author":"Aljutaily","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701639546","article-title":"The Use of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for the Diagnosis and Management of Invasive Mould Infections","volume":"46","author":"Chamilos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12619","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis in a Patient after Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"18","author":"Mohan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9589-2","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Nodules among Patients Living in a Coccidioidal Endemic Region","volume":"192","author":"Reyes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durga, N., Shabina, M., and Philomina, B. (2023). Acute Disseminated Candidiasis Caused by Candida Tropicalis in a Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. J. Acad. Clin. Microbiol., 25.","DOI":"10.4103\/jacm.jacm_59_21"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004140","article-title":"Bacterial and Fungal Etiology of Sepsis in Children in the United States: Reconsidering Empiric Therapy","volume":"48","author":"Prout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1086\/597395","article-title":"Empirical versus Preemptive Antifungal Therapy for High-Risk, Febrile, Neutropenic Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"48","author":"Cordonnier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.06.040","article-title":"Empirical Antifungal Therapy for Patients with Neutropenia and Persistent Fever: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Goldberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"37","article-title":"Invasive Fungal Infections in a Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Department: A 16-Year Retrospective Study","volume":"6","author":"Kazakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa119","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Caspofungin vs Triazoles Prophylaxis for Invasive Fungal Disease in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant","volume":"10","author":"Dvorak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"26","article-title":"Fungal Infections in Children: A Simplified Approach","volume":"3","author":"Chitkara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rammaert, B., Maunoury, C., Rabeony, T., Correas, J.M., Elie, C., Alfandari, S., Berger, P., Rubio, M.T., Braun, T., and Bakouboula, P. (2022). Does 18F-FDG PET\/CT Add Value to Conventional Imaging in Clinical Assessment of Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis?. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1026067"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.677533","article-title":"Impact of Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography on Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Utilization in Patients with High-Risk Febrile Neutropenia","volume":"53","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"3","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Pre-Emptive Antifungal Therapy versus Empirical Therapy in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia\u2014A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2021000267","article-title":"Fungal Diagnostic Testing and Therapy: Navigating the Neutropenic Period in Children with High-Risk Leukemia","volume":"2021","author":"Fisher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13067","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13067","article-title":"Why Do Lung Transplant Patients Discontinue Triazole Prophylaxis?","volume":"21","author":"Pennington","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12368","article-title":"Probiotic Supplementation for Preventing Invasive Fungal Infections in Preterm Neonates\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Hu, S., Wu, C., Gu, F., and Yang, Y. (2022). Probiotics: Potential Novel Therapeutics against Fungal Infections. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.793419"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141agowski, D., Gnat, S., Nowakiewicz, A., Barantsevich, N., and Barantsevich, E. (2022). Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060739"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz398","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial Investigating the Efficacy of Caspofungin versus Amphotericin B Deoxycholate in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis in Neonates and Infants Younger than 3\u2009Months of Age","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00551-0","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Rezafungin and Caspofungin in Candidaemia and Invasive Candidiasis: Pooled Data from Two Prospective Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"24","author":"Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002237","article-title":"A Prospective, Open-Label Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Anidulafungin in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis in Children 2 to <18 Years of Age","volume":"38","author":"Roilides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx110","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis Who Need Adjuvant Corticosteroid Therapy","volume":"56","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01963-z","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis in Metamizole-Induced Neutropaenia","volume":"51","author":"Kalubi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1086\/527390","article-title":"Adjuvant Corticosteroid Therapy for Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis","volume":"46","author":"Legrand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001844","article-title":"Response of Symptomatic Persistent Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis to Corticosteroid Therapy in Immunosuppressed Pediatric Patients: Case Study and Review of the Literature","volume":"37","author":"Levi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delli\u00e8re, S., Guery, R., Candon, S., Rammaert, B., Aguilar, C., Lanternier, F., Chatenoud, L., and Lortholary, O. (2018). Understanding Pathogenesis and Care Challenges of Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Fungal Infections. J. Fungi, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof4040139"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz688","article-title":"Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis During Hematological Malignancies: An Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome with Expansion of Pathogen-Specific T Helper Type 1 Cells","volume":"221","author":"Candon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03819.x","article-title":"Hepatosplenic Candidiasis in the Era of New Antifungal Drugs: A Study in Paris 2000\u20132007","volume":"18","author":"Mazoyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12041","article-title":"ESCMID Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Candida Diseases 2012: Adults with Haematological Malignancies and after Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT)","volume":"18","author":"Ullmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000737","article-title":"Choice and Duration of Antifungal Prophylaxis and Treatment in High-Risk Haematology Patients","volume":"34","author":"Coussement","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1195","article-title":"How Long Do We Need to Treat an Invasive Mold Disease in Hematology Patients? Factors Influencing Duration of Therapy and Future Questions","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.Y., Cheng, A., Tien, F.M., Lee, P.C., Tien, H.F., Sheng, W.H., and Chen, Y.C. (2019). Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis Manifesting as Hepatosplenic Abscesses among Patients with Hematological Malignancies. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4260-4"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2017.12.004","article-title":"Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis and Acute Leukemia: Impact on Survival and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Agenda","volume":"48","author":"Grateau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01440-9","article-title":"Management of Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papachristou, S., Iosifidis, E., and Roilides, E. (2019). Invasive Aspergillosis in Pediatric Leukemia Patients: Prevention and Treatment. J. Fungi, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5010014"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02156-21","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02156-21","article-title":"Challenges in the Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Children","volume":"66","author":"Hsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5179292","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5179292","article-title":"Surgical Management of an Aspergillus Empyema in a 3-Year-Old Child","volume":"2020","author":"Kanakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00315-4","article-title":"Pulmonary Aspergillosis: An Evolving Challenge for Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2020-002604","article-title":"Antifungal Drug Resistance: An Update","volume":"29","author":"Denning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitiello, A., Ferrara, F., Boccellino, M., Ponzo, A., Cimmino, C., Comberiati, E., Zovi, A., Clemente, S., and Sabbatucci, M. (2023). Antifungal Drug Resistance: An Emergent Health Threat. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041063"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, S., Sae-Tia, S., and Fries, B.C. (2020). Candidiasis and Mechanisms of Antifungal Resistance. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060312"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0322-2","article-title":"Drug Resistance and Tolerance in Fungi","volume":"18","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145123","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI145123","article-title":"Turbinmicin Inhibits Candida Biofilm Growth by Disrupting Fungal Vesicle\u2013Mediated Trafficking","volume":"131","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Bills, G.F., and An, Z. (2023). Advances in the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Disease. PLoS Pathog., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011322"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Lu, H., and Jiang, Y. (2024). Promising Immunotherapeutic Targets for Treating Candidiasis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1339501"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy185","article-title":"A Fungal Immunotherapeutic Vaccine (NDV-3A) for Treatment of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis\u2014A Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"66","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac535","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac535","article-title":"Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (Rhu GM-CSF) as Adjuvant Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33613-1","article-title":"Structural and Functional Analysis of EntV Reveals a 12 Amino Acid Fragment Protective against Fungal Infections","volume":"13","author":"Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00819-w","article-title":"Anti-Candida Antibodies of Patients with Invasive Candidiasis Inhibit Growth, Alter Cell Wall Structure, and Kill Candida Albicans In Vitro","volume":"189","author":"Carrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lussana, F., Cavallaro, G., De Simone, P., and Rambaldi, A. (2023). Optimal Use of Novel Immunotherapeutics in B-Cell Precursor ALL. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041349"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:50:05Z","timestamp":1760111405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13090772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]}}}