{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:06:05Z","timestamp":1790622365008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a notorious disease of public health importance caused by Bacillus anthracis. The causative agent can also be used as a biological weapon. Spores of these bacteria can sustain extreme environmental conditions and remain viable in soil for decades. Domestic and wild ruminants are highly susceptible to this pathogen, which usually presents as a peracute to acute disease. In humans, cutaneous anthrax is frequent but pulmonary and enteric anthrax are more serious. Humans, animals, and the environment are all involved, making anthrax a perfect target for a One Health approach. The environment plays a key role in disease transmission. At a time when the One Health concept is not mere slogans, collaborative efforts of medical professionals, veterinarians, and environmental scientists will be valuable for the prevention and control of this disease. In this review, we discussed the transmission dynamics of anthrax in the environment, animals, and humans, as well as One Health strategies to control and prevent anthrax.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:06:06Z","timestamp":1725858366000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Subedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saurav","family":"Pantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit","family":"Jyoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bickal","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Kaphle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University, Siddarthanagar 32900, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shristi","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02722","article-title":"Anthrax Kills Wild Chimpanzees in a Tropical Rainforest","volume":"430","author":"Leendertz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, M.G., De Smalen, A.W., and Mor, S.M. 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