{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:31:51Z","timestamp":1790710311284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office (FCDO) of the United Kingdom Government","award":["OPP1195617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1195617"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella is among the causative agents for diarrhea worldwide, but its risk factors in Tanzanian children are poorly understood. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Moshi, Kilimanjaro region, from July 2020 to November 2022 among children under five admitted with diarrhea. A questionnaire was administered to all parents\/caretakers of the enrolled children. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the risk factors, with significance at p &lt; 0.05. A total of 306 children were enrolled in the study. The median age was 13.8 months (IQR 8.4\u201321.8). The majority (58.5%) were males, and 59.5% were from rural areas. Salmonella was identified in eight (2.6%) stool samples, with a higher prevalence in urban than rural areas (4.8% vs. 1.1%; p-value = 0.044). The significant risk factors associated with Salmonella infection among the children included consuming raw milk (adjusted OR = 30.19; 95% CI: 3.94\u2013231.46), using infant formula (adjusted OR = 15.78; 95% CI: 2.98\u201383.56), undisclosed household income (adjusted OR = 9.98; 95% CI: 2.46\u201340.12), purchasing eggs direct from the farms (adjusted OR = 7.58; 95%CI: 1.31\u201343.96), and contact with chickens (adjusted OR = 6.49; 95%CI: 1.25\u201333.59). These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve food safety, hygiene practices, and socioeconomic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk Factors for Salmonella Infection in Children under Five Years: A Hospital-Based Study in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ephrasia A.","family":"Hugho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Hamid S.","family":"Lukambagire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace D.","family":"Kinabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Zealand Food Safety, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington 6011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Happiness H.","family":"Kumburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi 25102, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tine","family":"Hald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNICEF (2022, August 10). 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