{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T02:22:08Z","timestamp":1789525328228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":224,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Post-menopausal women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (WLHIV) face an increased risk of bone fractures due to the relationship between HIV-related factors and menopause. This narrative review aims to summarise the current knowledge about fracture risk among post-menopausal WLHIV in particular looking at hormonal changes, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifestyle factors, and psychosocial implications. We also profiled a summary of the significant, recent studies of post-menopausal WLHIV residing in low-income countries (LIC). Methods: A thorough search of the literature was performed across PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar, focussing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. Inclusion criteria entailed original research, reviews, and meta-analyses addressing bone mineral density (BMD), fracture incidence, and related risk factors in post-menopausal WLHIV. Results: The review identified 223 relevant studies. Post-menopausal WLHIV exhibit significantly lower BMD and higher fracture rates compared to both HIV-negative post-menopausal women and pre-menopausal WLHIV. cART, particularly tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), contributes to reduced BMD. Menopausal status exacerbates this risk through decreased oestrogen levels, leading to increased bone resorption. Moreover, lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and low physical activity are more prevalent in PWHIV, which further elevates fracture risk. Different psychosocial factors may make WLWHIV more vulnerable at this stage of their life, such as depression, isolation, stigma, and housing and nutritional issues. Women living in LICs face a variety of challenges in accessing HIV care. There are gaps in research related to the prevalence of osteoporosis and bone loss in post-menopausal WLHIV in LICs. Conclusion: Post-menopausal women living with HIV face a significantly higher risk of bone loss and fractures due to the combined effects of HIV and menopause. Antiretroviral therapy (particularly TDF), lifestyle factors, and psychosocial challenges exacerbate this risk. There is a need for careful selection of cART, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and emerging treatments such as Abaloparatide. A holistic approach including lifestyle changes and psychosocial support is crucial to reduce fracture risk in WLHIV, especially in low-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T02:47:07Z","timestamp":1726800427000},"page":"811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bone Loss and Fractures in Post-Menopausal Women Living with HIV: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Jamshaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dushyant","family":"Mital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV and Blood Borne Virus, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Panourgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8045-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes MK6 5LD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32802ef30c","article-title":"Continued improvement in survival among HIV-infected individuals with newer forms of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"21","author":"Lima","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7829","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d6015","article-title":"Life expectancy in HIV","volume":"343","author":"Losina","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabin, C.A. (2013). Do people with HIV infection have a normal life expectancy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy?. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-251"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S62615","article-title":"Perspectives on menopause and women with HIV","volume":"8","author":"Loutfy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2024). Global HIV and AIDS Statistics\u2014Fact Sheet, UNAIDS. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211066135"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"AARP International (2020). How Women 50-Plus Are Driving the Global Longevity Economy, AARP."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T.Y., Zhao, L.K., Liu, X., Li, H.Y., Ma, Y.T., Fang, W., Wang, X., and Zhang, C. (2024). Disease burden of AIDS in last 30-year period and its predicted level in next 25-years based on the global burden disease 2019. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19934-4"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2024, August 17). HIV and adolescent girls and young women\u2014Thematic Briefing Note\u20142024 Global AIDS update The Urgency of Now: AIDS at a Crossroads. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/2024-unaids-global-aids-update-adolescent-girls-young-women."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3719","article-title":"The Impact of Menopausal Symptoms on Quality of Life, Productivity, and Economic Outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Whiteley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2024, September 06). WHO 2022\u2014Menopause. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/menopause."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Peacock, K., Carlson, K., and Ketvertis, K.M. (2024). Menopause, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03501-9","article-title":"Evaluation of bone mineral density, microarchitecture, and detection of fractures on young patients living with human immunodeficiency virus: When and how to screen?","volume":"83","author":"Gehrke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez-Garc\u00eda, I., Alejos, B., P\u00e9rez-El\u00edas, M.J., Iribarren, J.A., Hernando, A., Ram\u00edrez, M., Tasias, M., Pascual, M., Jarrin, I., and Hernando, V. (2021). How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort. BMC Womens Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01370-w"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13364","article-title":"Markers of ovarian reserve in women living HIV: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01622-7","article-title":"The role of anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) in ovarian disease and infertility","volume":"37","author":"Bedenk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zicari, S., Sessa, L., Cotugno, N., Ruggiero, A., Morrocchi, E., Concato, C., Rocca, S., Zangari, P., Manno, E.C., and Palma, P. (2019). Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-021-00594-7","article-title":"The Reproductive Transition: Effects on Viral Replication, Immune Activation, and Metabolism in Women with HIV infection","volume":"19","author":"Abelman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schank, M., Zhao, J., Moorman, J.P., and Yao, Z.Q. (2021). The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010174"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-00768-8","article-title":"Ovarian aging in humans: Potential strategies for extending reproductive lifespan","volume":"45","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_691_19","article-title":"Early menopause in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108069","article-title":"The association of menopause with cardiometabolic disease risk factors in women living with and without HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: Results from the AWI-Gen 1 study","volume":"187","author":"Chikwati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.08.003","article-title":"Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences","volume":"65","author":"Shuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116543","article-title":"Menopause is associated with bone loss, particularly at the distal radius, in black South African women: Findings from the Study of Women Entering and in Endocrine Transition (SWEET)","volume":"164","author":"Breasail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050224","article-title":"Interim Report and Recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Genant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-023-01058-3","article-title":"Classification of Osteoporosis","volume":"57","author":"Amarnath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199712151-00002","article-title":"Epidemiology of Spinal Osteoporosis","volume":"22","author":"Melton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v10.i3.166","article-title":"Changing trends in the mortality rate at 1-year post hip fracture\u2014A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Downey","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jve.2022.100064","article-title":"Menopause care in women living with HIV in the UK\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Dragovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108021","article-title":"Disparities in menopausal care in the United States: A systematic review","volume":"186","author":"Zahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.107937","article-title":"Management of menopause in women living with HIV\u2014A comparative guideline review","volume":"183","author":"Scofield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","article-title":"HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Kharsany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open AIDS J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2022). Dangerous Inequalities: World AIDS Day Report, UNAIDS. Available online: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2022\/dangerous-inequalities."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"AA World (2024, August 17). Global Population Tops 8 Billion as Aging Trend Accelerates. Turkey., Available online: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/world\/global-population-tops-8-billion-as-aging-trendaccelerates\/3271467#:~:text=The%20global%20population%20aged%2065,already%20surpassed%208%20billion%20people."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"United States. Gilead Sciences (2024, August 17). Gilead\u2019s HIV Age Positively. Phase Two 18-Month Progress Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/-\/media\/files\/pdfs\/other\/gilead-agepositively-boardreport.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025497","article-title":"PRIME (Positive Transitions Through the Menopause) Study: A protocol for a mixed-methods study investigating the impact of the menopause on the health and well-being of women living with HIV in England","volume":"9","author":"Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"115","article-title":"Birth and Death of Bone Cells: Basic Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Osteoporosis","volume":"21","author":"Manolagas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1698","article-title":"Making the first fracture the last fracture: ASBMR task force report on secondary fracture prevention","volume":"27","author":"Eisman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2015.03.005","article-title":"Bone Density and Fractures in HIV-infected Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab874","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Menopause Are Independently Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Density: Results from the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"75","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002293","article-title":"Bone mass, fracture risk, and associated factors in postmenopausal women living with HIV","volume":"31","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4812","article-title":"HIV and Bone Health Considerations for Menopausal Women Living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"38","author":"Matovu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-023-01250-w","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for vertebral fracture and low bone mineral density among Peruvian women aging with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Cabrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2021.08.040","article-title":"Hip Fracture Rates in Nursing Home Residents with and without HIV","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilha, T.A.S.H., Comim, F.V., Copes, R.M., Compston, J.E., and Premaor, M.O. (2018). HIV and Vertebral Fractures: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26312-9"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1874","article-title":"HIV infection is strongly associated with hip fracture risk, independently of age, gender, and comorbidities: A population-based cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"14","article-title":"Hip and Knee Replacement in the HIV positive patient","volume":"24","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.52312\/jdrs.2022.550","article-title":"In-hospital complications following total knee and hip arthroplasty in patients with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"33","author":"Akkaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Jt. Dis. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2022.0012","article-title":"Systemic medical complications following joint replacement: A review of the evidence","volume":"105","author":"Curlewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0336-6","article-title":"Bone Loss Among Women Living With HIV","volume":"13","author":"Weitzmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2017.1290085","article-title":"Osteoblast\u2013osteoclast interactions","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0465","article-title":"Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton","volume":"23","author":"Riggs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.12.8536","article-title":"Minireview: The OPG\/RANKL\/RANK System","volume":"142","author":"Khosla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1699-x","article-title":"Serum osteoprotegerin and its relationship with bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover","volume":"16","author":"Indridason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldp037","article-title":"Bone health in HIV infection","volume":"92","author":"Pollock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12520","article-title":"HIV infection and bone disease","volume":"280","author":"Compston","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samji, H., Cescon, A., Hogg, R.S., Modur, S.P., Althoff, K.N., Buchacz, K., Burchell, A.N., Cohen, M., Gebo, K.A., and Gill, M.J. (2013). Closing the Gap: Increases in Life Expectancy among Treated HIV-Positive Individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081355"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00642-1","article-title":"Health related behaviors among HIV-infected people who are successfully linked to care: An institutional-based cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titanji, K., Vunnava, A., Sheth, A.N., Delille, C., Lennox, J.L., Sanford, S.E., Foster, A., Knezevic, A., Easley, K.A., and Weitzmann, M.N. (2014). Dysregulated B Cell Expression of RANKL and OPG Correlates with Loss of Bone Mineral Density in HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004497"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003020107","article-title":"Alterations in the immuno-skeletal interface drive bone destruction in HIV-1 transgenic rats","volume":"107","author":"Vikulina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00824-4","article-title":"Inflammatory Processes Affecting Bone Health and Repair","volume":"21","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001679","article-title":"Brief Report: Changes in Plasma RANKL-Osteoprotegerin in a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Initial Antiviral Therapy: A5260s","volume":"78","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-019-0111-3","article-title":"RANKL biology: Bone metabolism, the immune system, and beyond","volume":"40","author":"Ono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delpino, M.V., and Quarleri, J. (2020). Influence of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone Homeostasis. Front. Endocrinol, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00502"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00276-5","article-title":"Administration of zoledronic acid alleviates osteoporosis in HIV patients by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via regulating RANKL expression","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triguero-Mart\u00ednez, A., Pardines, M., Montes, N., Ortiz, A.M., Iglesia-Cedeira, A., Valero-Mart\u00ednez, C., Mart\u00edn, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvarot, I., Casta\u00f1eda, S., and Lamana, A. (2024). Genetic Variants in RANK and OPG Could Influence Disease Severity and Bone Remodeling in Patients with Early Arthritis. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091109"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801555115","article-title":"Deciphering how HIV-1 weakens and cracks the bone","volume":"115","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001764","article-title":"T-cell receptor activator of nucleat factor-kB ligand\/osteoprotegein imbalance is associated with HIV-induced bone loss in patients with higher CD4+ T-cell counts","volume":"32","author":"Titanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317215","article-title":"Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women","volume":"111","author":"Khosla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003481","article-title":"Lower anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone levels are associated with HIV in reproductive age women and shorter leukocyte telomere length among late reproductive age women","volume":"37","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac045","article-title":"Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone for the diagnosis and prediction of menopause: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.048","article-title":"Use of antim\u00fcllerian hormone to predict the menopausal transition in HIV-infected women","volume":"216","author":"Scherzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13255","article-title":"Women with HIV transitioning through menopause: Insights from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS)","volume":"23","author":"Hachfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13156","article-title":"Alcohol, smoking, recreational drug use and association with virological outcomes among people living with HIV: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1086\/497270","article-title":"HIV Infection, Drug Use, and Onset of Natural Menopause","volume":"41","author":"Schoenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"397","article-title":"Is ovarian function impaired in HIV patients? A clinical pilot study in Burkina Faso","volume":"34","author":"Willems","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Brux."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipid and Lipoprotein Profile in Menopausal Transition (2004). Effects of Hormones, Age and Fat Distribution. Horm. Metab. Res., 36, 215\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814450"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130802416640","article-title":"Androgens in relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in the menopausal transition","volume":"11","author":"Mesch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, H.G., and Park, H. (2022). Metabolic Disorders in Menopause. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12100954"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.473","article-title":"Management of lipid disorders in patients living with HIV","volume":"55","author":"Myerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Grunfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2978","article-title":"Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men","volume":"289","author":"Riddler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957414542574","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Semu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, P., Carvalho, D., Souto, S., Sarmento, A., and Medina, J.L. (2013). Lipodystrophy: The Metabolic Link of HIV Infection with Insulin-Resistance Syndrome. Current Perspectives in HIV Infection, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/52685"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3281e66919","article-title":"From lipodystrophy and insulin resistance to metabolic syndrome: HIV infection, treatment and aging","volume":"2","author":"Capeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000327512.76126.6e","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications and atherosclerotic manifestations in the HIV-infected population: Type, incidence and associated risk factors","volume":"22","author":"Boccara","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2190","article-title":"Increased Acute Myocardial Infarction Rates and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease","volume":"92","author":"Triant","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.11.1225","article-title":"Effects of a Supervised Home-Based Aerobic and Progressive Resistance Training Regimen in Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"166","author":"Dolan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, N.T.P., Tran, B.X., Hwang, L.Y., Markham, C.M., Swartz, M.D., Vidrine, J.I., Phan, H.T.T., Latkin, C.A., and Vidrine, D.J. (2015). Motivation to quit smoking among HIV-positive smokers in Vietnam. BMC Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1672-y"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01559-z","article-title":"Role of Inflammatory Cytokines, Growth Factors and Adipokines in Adipogenesis and Insulin Resistance","volume":"45","author":"Prince","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, P., Carvalho, D., Santos, A.C., Madureira, A.J., Martinez, E., Pereira, J., Sarmento, A., and Medina, J.M. (2014). Adipokines, hormones related to body composition, and insulin resistance in HIV fat redistribution syndrome. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-347"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252516","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2252516","article-title":"Obesity, Adipose Tissue, and Inflammation Answered in Questions","volume":"2022","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2016.09.022","article-title":"Osteoporosis and ischemic cardiovascular disease","volume":"84","author":"Laroche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162085","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.162085","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of insulin resistance with change in bone mineral density in midlife women","volume":"7","author":"Shieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, F., Liu, L., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01260-8"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26276","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026276","article-title":"Determining the association between hypertension and bone metabolism markers in osteoporotic patients","volume":"100","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4257-z","article-title":"The relationship between fatty liver index and bone mineral density in Koreans: KNHANES 2010\u20132011","volume":"29","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1393","article-title":"Changes in Body Composition in Women over Six Years at Midlife: Ovarian and Chronological Aging","volume":"92","author":"Sowers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00361-3","article-title":"Central abdominal fat and endogenous hormones during the menopausal transition","volume":"79","author":"Guthrie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19033","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19033","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS and lipodystrophy: Implications for clinical management in resource-limited settings","volume":"18","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj111","article-title":"Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV Infection (FRAM): Methods, design and sample characteristics","volume":"163","author":"Tien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318164227f","article-title":"Regional Adipose Tissue and Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels in HIV-Infected Women","volume":"48","author":"Currier","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13871","article-title":"Combination of resistance and aerobic exercise for six months improves bone mass and physical function in HIV infected individuals: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Ghayomzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-024-02480-1","article-title":"Causal relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and HIV infection: Insights from Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18999200917120449","article-title":"Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-term TDF-Based Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000159323.59250.83","article-title":"Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk Indices in HIV-Infected Women","volume":"39","author":"Dolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voulgaridou, G., Papadopoulou, S.K., Detopoulou, P., Tsoumana, D., Giaginis, C., Kondyli, F.S., Lymperaki, E., and Prtisa, A. (2023). Vitamin D and Calcium in Osteoporosis, and the Role of Bone Turnover Markers: A Narrative Review of Recent Data from RCTs. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11010029"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"BMJ Best Practice. BMJ.com (2024, August 17). Vitamin D Deficiency-Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. Available online: https:\/\/bestpractice.bmj.com\/topics\/en-gb\/641."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2019.0109","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Bone Density in HIV+ Patients with Documented Deficiencies","volume":"36","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1409","article-title":"Vitamin D and Calcium Attenuate Bone Loss With Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation","volume":"162","author":"Overton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, X., Wu, Y., Li, A., Tian, Y., Ren, M., Li, Z., Zhang, T., Wu, H., and Wang, W. (2021). Increased Risk of Vitamin D Deficiency Among HIV-Infected Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.722032"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821ae418","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Adeyemi","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, X., Tey, S.L., Leong, C., Quek, R., and Henry, C.J. (2016). Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Singapore: Its Implications to Cardiovascular Risk Factors. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147616"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chailurkit, L.O., Aekplakorn, W., and Ongphiphadhanakul, B. (2011). Regional variation and determinants of vitamin D status in sunshine-abundant Thailand. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-853"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2250","article-title":"Low Vitamin D Status despite Abundant Sun Exposure","volume":"92","author":"Binkley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave, J.A., Cohen, K., Micklesfield, L.K., Maartens, G., and Levitt, N.S. (2015). Antiretroviral Therapy, Especially Efavirenz, Is Associated with Low Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected South Africans. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144286"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08342-z","article-title":"Update: Vitamin D3 and calcium carbonate supplementation for adolescents with HIV to reduce musculoskeletal morbidity and immunopathology (VITALITY trial): Study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Dzavakwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0401-4","article-title":"Continued Interest and Controversy: Vitamin D in HIV","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1574891X11666160201122236","article-title":"Effect of Low Dose Oral Vitamin-D and Calcium Replacement in HIV Patients","volume":"11","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00486-z","article-title":"Undernutrition and associated factors among adult HIV\/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"78","author":"Gebru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadhwa, S., Finn, T.R., Kister, K., Matsumura, S., Levit, M., Cantos, A., Shah, J., Bohn, B., Lalla, E., and Grbic, J.T. (2024). Postmenopausal women with HIV have increased tooth loss. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03744-y"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302013000600007","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid function and autoimmunity in HIV-infected women","volume":"57","author":"Panico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"451","article-title":"Endocrine response to HIV infection. Involvement of thyroid gland","volume":"29","author":"Carta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. dell\u2019Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Pang, Y., Xu, J., Chen, X., Zhang, C., Wu, B., and Gao, J. (2022). Endocrine Regulation on Bone by Thyroid. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.873820"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-013-9248-6","article-title":"HIV and thyroid dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Parsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.149321","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and its correlation with CD4 + T lymphocyte count","volume":"19","author":"Ranabir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Thyroid Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"2016","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.85574","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus endocrinopathy","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"225","article-title":"Thyroid and menopause","volume":"17","author":"Tonacchera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delitala, A.P., Scuteri, A., and Doria, C. (2020). Thyroid Hormone Diseases and Osteoporosis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041034"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.11.002","article-title":"Thyroid hormone metabolism in skeletal development and adult bone maintenance","volume":"23","author":"Waung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1086\/519978","article-title":"Thyroid Function Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"45","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14050071","article-title":"Thyroid Diseases and Thyroid Asymptomatic Dysfunction in People Living With HIV","volume":"14","author":"Micali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1086\/656412","article-title":"Bone Disease in HIV infection: A Practical Review and Recommendations for HIV Care Providers","volume":"51","author":"McComsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenforde, M.W., Walker, A.S., Gibb, D.M., and Manabe, Y.C. (2019). Rapid antiretroviral therapy initiation in low- and middle-income countries: A resource-based approach. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002723"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Sathi, S.R.T.T., and Anastasopoulou, C. (2024, June 11). HIV-Related Endocrinopathies, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK599549\/."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302013000200008","article-title":"Radioiodine therapy in elderly patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism due to non-voluminous nodular goiter and its effect on bone metabolism","volume":"57","author":"Rosario","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00485-5","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Platt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05350-y","article-title":"People living with HIV and fracture risk","volume":"31","author":"Premaor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000363","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fractures in HIV\/hepatitis C virus coinfection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019neill, T.J., Rivera, L., Struchkov, V., Zaheen, A., and Thein, H.-H. (2014). The Effect of HIV-Hepatitis C Co-Infection on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101493"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021990","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021990","article-title":"Association between hepatitis C virus infection and osteoporotic fracture risk among postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional investigation in Taiwan","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2014.21.1.69","article-title":"Serum Sclerostin in Hepatitis C Virus Infected Patients","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04315.x","article-title":"Serum sclerostin levels were positively correlated with fat mass and bone mineral density in Central South Chinese postmenopausal women","volume":"76","author":"Sheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000259","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus coinfection as a risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture","volume":"11","author":"Bedimo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D and Osteoporosis in HIV\/HCV Coinfected Patients: A Literature Review","volume":"2015","author":"Siracusa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9282","article-title":"Role of T-cell reconstitution in HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy-induced bone loss","volume":"6","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32801022eb","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: A meta-analytic review","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-00946-4","article-title":"Osteoporosis and HIV Infection","volume":"110","author":"Biver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M., Mital, D., Abubaker, N.E., Panourgia, M., Owles, H., Papadaki, I., and Ahmed, M.H. (2023). Bone Health in People Living with HIV\/AIDS: An Update of Where We Are and Potential Future Strategies. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030789"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3346","article-title":"The Effect of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Baranek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080857","article-title":"Tenofovir Effect on the Kidneys of HIV-Infected Patients","volume":"24","author":"Tourret","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-5-1130","article-title":"Foscarnet-Induced Hypocalcemia and Effects of Foscarnet on Calcium Metabolism","volume":"72","author":"Jacobson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00407.x","article-title":"Hypocalcaemia in HIV infection and AIDS","volume":"245","author":"Kuehn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.100194","article-title":"Rapid onset of hypercalcemia from high-grade lymphoma in the setting of HIV-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of Osteoporosis in Patients Living With HIV\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Rosendahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, W.M., Wattanachanya, L., Apornpong, T., Jantrapakde, J., Avihingsanon, A., Kerr, S.J., Teeratakulpisarn, N., Jadwattanakul, T., Chaiwatanarat, T., and Buranasupkajorn, P. (2020). Bone mineral density changes among people living with HIV who have started with TDF-containing regimen: A five-year prospective study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230368"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00613-1","article-title":"Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Olali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-015-0279-4","article-title":"Bone Disease in HIV: Recommendations for Screening and Management in the Older Patient","volume":"32","author":"Hoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansueto, P., Seidita, A., Vitale, G., Gangemi, S., Iaria, C., and Cascio, A. (2015). Vitamin D Deficiency in HIV Infection: Not Only a Bone Disorder. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/735615"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2194","article-title":"Comparative risk of fracture in men and women with HIV","volume":"99","author":"Gedmintas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"16","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking among HIV infected people using antiretroviral therapy","volume":"16","author":"Bhatta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godos, J., Giampieri, F., Chisari, E., Micek, A., Paladino, N., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Quiles, J.L., Battino, M., La Vignera, S., and Musumeci, G. (2022). Alcohol Consumption, Bone Mineral Density, and Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures: A Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031515"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2019.07.007","article-title":"The impact of smoking on bone metabolism, bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Trevisan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, C., Kruger, H.S., Viljoen, M., Dave, J.A., and Kruger, M.C. (2021). Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Resorption Markers in Postmenopausal HIV-Infected Women on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062090"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1086\/605573","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS, Undernutrition, and Food Insecurity","volume":"49","author":"Ivers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-017-0132-8","article-title":"Malnutrition status and associated factors among HIV-positive patients enrolled in ART clinics in Zimbabwe","volume":"3","author":"Takarinda","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0278-8","article-title":"Skeletal Effects of Smoking","volume":"13","author":"Cusano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.033","article-title":"Quality in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans","volume":"104","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"513","article-title":"Fracture Prediction with Modified-FRAX in Older HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men","volume":"72","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"63","article-title":"Evaluation of the fracture risk assessment tool for determining bone disease and the impact of secondary causes of osteoporosis in people living with HIV","volume":"21","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13596","article-title":"HIV and fracture: Risk, assessment and intervention","volume":"25","author":"McGee","year":"2024","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13170","article-title":"FRAX assessment in people ageing with HIV","volume":"23","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-003-0479-6","article-title":"Effects of skeletal size of the lumbar spine on areal bone density, volumetric bone density, and the diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in China","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0428-7","article-title":"Fragility fractures and bone mineral density in HIV positive women: A case-control population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Prior","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0708","article-title":"Low Bone Mass and High Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women","volume":"95","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04051-6","article-title":"Predictors of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pramukti, I., Lindayani, L., Chen, Y.-C., Yeh, C.-Y., Tai, T.-W., Fetzer, S., and Ko, N.-Y. (2020). Bone fracture among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-regression of prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233501"},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Aidsmap (2024, September 06). A Double Whammy: The Impact of HIV and Menopause on Bone Mineral Density. Available online: https:\/\/www.aidsmap.com\/news\/nov-2021\/double-whammy-impact-hiv-and-menopause-bone-mineral-density."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wattanachanya, L., Sunthornyothin, S., Apornpong, T., Lwin, H.M.S., Kerr, S., Gatechompol, S., Han, W.M., Wichiansan, T., Siwamongsatham, S., and Chattranukulchai, P. (2022). Bone mineral density among virologically suppressed Asians older than 50 years old living with and without HIV: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277231"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19567","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19567","article-title":"Prevalence of low bone mineral density among HIV patients on long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy in resource limited setting of western India","volume":"17","author":"Dravid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4765","article-title":"The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Menopause on Bone Mineral Density: A Longitudinal Study of Urban-Dwelling South African Women","volume":"38","author":"Madanhire","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05335-6","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Africa\u2014Where are we now","volume":"40","author":"Paruk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-021-00905-w","article-title":"FRAX-based fracture probabilities in South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13212","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Sarcopenia Prevalence and Associated Factors in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"14","author":"SeyedAlinaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-023-00801-x","article-title":"Disparities in the Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in Men and Women Living in Sub-Saharan Africa, the UK, and the USA","volume":"21","author":"Ward","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30412-1","article-title":"Fragility fractures in sub-Saharan Africa: Time to break the myth","volume":"7","author":"Gregson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0162-y","article-title":"Bone mineral density in people living with HIV: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Kruger","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20049","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20049","article-title":"Contemporary Issues on the Epidemiology and Antiretroviral Adherence of HIV-Infected Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review","volume":"18","author":"Adejumo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v54i1.8","article-title":"A call to action for osteoporosis research in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"54","author":"Atiase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ghana Med. J."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-020-0685-z","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis and its associated factors among postmenopausal women in Kiambu County, Kenya: A household survey","volume":"15","author":"Sitati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-021-01035-z","article-title":"Consensus evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treat-to-target management of osteoporosis in Africa: An initiative by the African society of bone health and metabolic bone diseases","volume":"16","author":"Miedany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12335","article-title":"Differences in Rural and Urban Health Information Access and Use","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rural. Health"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaki, M., Pant, R., Kulkarni, B., and Kinra, S. (2015). Comparison of Bone Mineral Density between Urban and Rural Areas: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137151"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.05.010","article-title":"Differences in bone mineral status between urban and rural Chinese men and women","volume":"41","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh337","article-title":"Higher Bone Mineral Density in Rural Compared with Urban Dwellers: The NOREPOS Study","volume":"160","author":"Meyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104689","article-title":"The outlook of rheumatological care in Africa: Current state, challenges, and recommendation","volume":"82","author":"Nicholas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9681-1","article-title":"Traveling towards Disease: Transportation Barriers to Health Care Access","volume":"38","author":"Syed","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X211006590","article-title":"Built Environment and HIV Linkage to Care in Rural South Africa","volume":"43","author":"Shangase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Health Equity Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/145891","article-title":"Stigma of People with HIV\/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review","volume":"2009","author":"Mbonu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01230-3","article-title":"Quality of care for Black and Latina women living with HIV in the U.S.: A qualitative study","volume":"19","author":"Rice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity Health"},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"(2024, September 06). Key Barriers to Women\u2019s Access to HIV Treatment: A Global Review|UN Women\u2014Headquarters. Available online: https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2017\/12\/key-barriers-to-womens-access-to-hiv-treatment."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-198","article-title":"Access to HIV\/AIDS care: A systematic review of socio-cultural determinants in low and high income countries","volume":"13","author":"Gari","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0030","article-title":"Barriers to HIV Care for Women of Color Living in the Southeastern US Are Associated with Physical Symptoms, Social Environment, and Self-Determination","volume":"27","author":"Toth","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2017.1379428","article-title":"Household food security and HIV status in rural and urban communities in the Free State province, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Pienaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAHARA J"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.04.013","article-title":"The built environment & the impact of neighborhood characteristics on youth sexual risk behavior in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/0735-2166.00096","article-title":"Neighborhood Effects on Health: Exploring the Links and Assessing the Evidence","volume":"23","author":"Ellen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Urban Aff."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, M.M.D., Kruger, P., Mellors, S.E., Wolvaardt, G., and van der Ryst, E. (2014). An exploratory survey measuring stigma and discrimination experienced by people living with HIV\/AIDS in South Africa: The People Living with HIV Stigma Index. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-80"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.-Y., Farkhad, B.F., Chan, M.-P.S., Michels, A., Albarracin, D., and Wang, S. (2022). Spatial accessibility to HIV testing, treatment, and prevention services in Illinois and Chicago, USA. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270404"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimaru, L.J., Habila, M.A., Mantina, N.M., Madhivanan, P., Connick, E., Ernst, K., and Ehiri, J. (2024). Neighborhood characteristics and HIV treatment outcomes: A scoping review. PLoS Glob. Public Heal., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002870"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schinas, G., Schinas, I., Ntampanlis, G., Polyzou, E., Gogos, C., and Akinosoglou, K. (2024). Bone Disease in HIV: Need for Early Diagnosis and Prevention. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040522"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-019-09263-1","article-title":"Socio-economic Determinants of Bone Health from Past to Present","volume":"17","author":"Miszkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15947-7","article-title":"Differences in the global exposure, mortality and disability of low bone mineral density between men and women: The underestimated burden in men","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Huang, X., Wu, J., Lin, X., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Pan, X., Xu, J., Qiao, J., and Zhang, T. (2022). The Global Burden of Osteoporosis, Low Bone Mass, and Its Related Fracture in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruszczy\u0144ska, E., and Rzeszutek, M. (2023). HIV\/AIDS stigma accumulation among people living with HIV: A role of general and relative minority status. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37948-7"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13536","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of public stigma towards people with HIV and its impact on HIVtesting uptake: A cross-sectional study in 64 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"25","author":"White","year":"2024","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., Halvorsen, K., Win, M.T., Yancey, M., Rbil, N., Chatterjee, A., Jivanelli, B., and Khormaee, S. (2023). Clinical spine care partnerships between high-income countries and low-and-middle-income countries: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.07.23291022"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erd\u00e9lyi, A., P\u00e1lfi, E., T\u0171\u0171, L., Nas, K., Sz\u0171cs, Z., T\u00f6r\u00f6k, M., Jakab, A., and V\u00e1rb\u00edr\u00f3, S. (2023). The Importance of Nutrition in Menopause and Perimenopause\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010027"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx292","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Early Natural Menopause","volume":"187","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4794-0","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of bone fragility in people living with HIV: A position statement from the Swiss Association against Osteoporosis","volume":"30","author":"Biver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-021-00965-y","article-title":"A country-specific FRAX model for Botswana","volume":"16","author":"Kebaetse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"37","article-title":"Toward Personalized Medicine for HIV\/AIDS","volume":"3","author":"Kumbale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AIDS HIV Treat."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13137","article-title":"The benefits of tenofovir discontinuation with or without bisphosphonate therapy in osteoporotic people living with HIV","volume":"22","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.10.015","article-title":"Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women living with HIV","volume":"95","author":"Finnerty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000128","article-title":"Metabolic Clinic for Individuals with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Endocrinol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111118","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726704000000}}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/811\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:28:36Z","timestamp":1762176516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/811"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]},"references-count":224,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13090811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090811","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]]}}}