{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:13:05Z","timestamp":1783606385931,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CGIAR Trust Fund","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}]},{"name":"CGIAR Trust Fund","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}]},{"name":"BBSRC","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/30002275"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which results in economic losses relating to livestock and threatens public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the molecular prevalence of Brucella species in smallholder dairy cattle in six regions of Tanzania from July 2019 to October 2020. Dairy cattle (n = 2048) were sampled from 1371 farms. DNA extracted from blood and vaginal swabs was tested for Brucella using qPCR targeting the IS711 gene and positives were tested for the alkB marker for B. abortus and BMEI1172 marker for B. melitensis. The molecular prevalence was 3.5% (95% CI: 2.8\u20134.4) with the highest prevalence 8.1% (95% CI: 4.6\u201313.0) in Njombe region. B. melitensis was the predominant species detected (66.2%). Further studies are recommended to understand the source of B. melitensis and its implications for veterinary public health. Livestock keepers should be informed of the risks and biosecurity practices to reduce the introduction and control of Brucella. Cattle and small ruminant vaccination programs could be implemented to control brucellosis in high-risk populations in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T10:41:47Z","timestamp":1727174507000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brucella Species Circulating in Smallholder Dairy Cattle in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4051-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac Joseph","family":"Mengele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Central Zone Laboratory, Dodoma P.O. Box 543, Tanzania"},{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Miser","family":"Akoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Mkilema","family":"Shirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4382-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shedrack Festo","family":"Bwatota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabani Kiyabo","family":"Motto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania"},{"name":"Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency (TVLA), Central Veterinary Laboratory, Dar Es Salaam P.O. Box 9254, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis E.","family":"Hernandez-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Service (NHS) Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Mushumbusi","family":"Komwihangilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI), Dodoma P.O. Box 834, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliamoni","family":"Lyatuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dar Es Salaam P.O. Box 34441, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3271-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barend Mark de Clare","family":"Bronsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6081-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Anne Jessie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2003.08.004","article-title":"Brucellosis and Q-fever seroprevalences of nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in Chad","volume":"61","author":"Schelling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) (2023). Brucellosis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, World Organization for Animal Health. [12th ed.]. Chapter 3.1.4."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.013","article-title":"The changing Brucella ecology: Novel reservoirs, new threats","volume":"36","author":"Pappas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Corbel, M.J. (2006). Brucellosis in Humans and Animals, World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88327-z","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Brucella species in mixed livestock-human ecosystems in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"Akoko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntivuguruzwa, J.B., Babaman, K.F., Mwikarago, E.I., and van Heerden, H. (2022). Seroprevalence of brucellosis and molecular characterization of Brucella spp. from slaughtered cattle in Rwanda. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261595"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElTahir, Y., Al-Farsi, A., Al-Marzooqi, W., Al-Toobi, A., Gaafar, O.M., Jay, M., Corde, Y., Bose, S., Al-Hamrashdi, A., and Al-Kharousi, K. (2019). Investigation on Brucella infection in farm animals in Saham, Sultanate of Oman with reference to human brucellosis outbreak. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2093-4"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9899-9","article-title":"Infection of cattle in Kenya with Brucella abortus biovar 3 and Brucella melitensis biovar 1 genotypes","volume":"44","author":"Muendo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003037","article-title":"Rough vaccines in animal brucellosis: Structural and genetic basis and present status","volume":"35","author":"Monreal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00255-9","article-title":"Brucellosis vaccines: Past, present and future","volume":"90","author":"Schurig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.10.011","article-title":"Brucella abortus S19 vaccine protects dairy cattle against natural infection with Brucella melitensis","volume":"34","author":"Bardenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"373","article-title":"Further brucellosis surveys in Tanzania. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa","volume":"15","author":"Mahlau","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathew, C., Stokstad, M., Johansen, T.B., Klevar, S., Mdegela, R.H., Mwamengele, G., Michel, P., Escobar, L., Fretin, D., and Godfroid, J. (2015). First isolation, identification, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 3 from dairy cattle in Tanzania. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0476-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assenga, J.A., Matemba, L.E., Muller, S.K., Malakalinga, J.J., and Kazwala, R.R. (2015). Epidemiology of Brucella infection in the human, livestock and wildlife interface in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem, Tanzania. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0504-8"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.023","article-title":"Brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current challenges for management, diagnosis and control","volume":"165","author":"Ducrotoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengele, I.J., Shirima, G.M., Bwatota, S.F., Motto, S.K., Bronsvoort, B.M.C., Komwihangilo, D.M., Lyatuu, E., Cook, E.A.J., and Hernandez-Castro, L.E. (2023). The status and risk factors of brucellosis in smallholder dairy cattle in selected regions of Tanzania. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020155"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makita, K., F\u00e8vre, E., Waiswa, C., Eisler, M., Thrusfield, M., and Welburn, S. (2011). Herd prevalence of bovine brucellosis and analysis of risk factors in cattle in urban and peri-urban areas of the Kampala economic zone, Uganda. BMC Vet. Res., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-60"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1868616","article-title":"Bovine brucellosis\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"41","author":"Khurana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bodenham, R.F., Lukambagire, A.S., Ashford, R.T., Buza, J.J., Cash-Goldwasser, S., Crump, J.A., Kazwala, R.R., Maro, V.P., McGiven, J., and Mkenda, N. (2020). Prevalence and speciation of brucellosis in febrile patients from a pastoralist community of Tanzania. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62849-4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797441","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2797441","article-title":"High Seropositivity of Brucella melitensis Antibodies among Pregnant Women Attending Health Care Facilities in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2023","author":"Nyawale","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Njombe, A., Msanga, Y., Mbwambo, N., and Makembe, N. (2011, January 25\u201327). Dairy Industry Status in Tanzania. Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries. Proceedings of the 7th African Dairy Conference and Exhibition, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Available online: https:\/\/dairyafrica.com\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2021). National Sample Census of Agriculture 2019\u20132020, Ministry of Finance and Planning, United Republic of Tanzania."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoFP) (2019). Tanzania Mainland Household Budget Survey 2017\u20132018, Key indicators, Poverty Eradication Division, National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11779","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-20052","article-title":"Genomic prediction of crossbred dairy cattle in Tanzania: A route to productivity gains in smallholder dairy systems","volume":"104","author":"Mrode","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shirima, G.M. (2005). The Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Animals and Humans in Arusha and Manyara Regions in Tanzania. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03178.x","article-title":"Rapid field detection assays for Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis","volume":"17","author":"Matero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1290-1293.2004","article-title":"Real-time multiplex PCR assay for detection of Brucella spp., B. abortus, and B. melitensis","volume":"42","author":"Probert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kulldorff, M. (2020, February 15). Information Management Services. Software for the Spatial and Space-Time Scan Statistics. SaTScan v10.1.2 64bit. Available online: https:\/\/www.satscan.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"R Core Team (2021). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v009.i08","article-title":"Analysis of complex survey samples","volume":"9","author":"Lumley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/JALSI\/2018\/40955","article-title":"Re-emergence of Bovine Brucellosis in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Urban Settings of Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"Shirima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Life Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengele, I.J., Shirima, G.M., Bronsvoort, B.M., Hernandez-Castro, L.E., and Cook, E.A.J. (2023). Diagnostic challenges of brucellosis in humans and livestock in Tanzania: A thematic review. CABI One Health, ohcs20230001.","DOI":"10.1079\/cabionehealth.2023.0001"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliyev, J., Alakbarova, M., Garayusifova, A., Omarov, A., Aliyeva, S., Fretin, D., and Godfroid, J. (2022). Identification and molecular characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis isolated from milk in cattle in Azerbaijan. BMC Vet. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03155-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.023","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Brucella abortus isolated from cattle in Brazil, 2009\u20132013","volume":"166","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akoko, J.M., Muturi, M., Wambua, L., Abkallo, H.M., Nyamota, R., Bosire, C., Oloo, S., Limbaso, K.S., Gakuya, F., and Nthiwa, D. (2023). Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47628-1"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of Brucella abortus and Brucellla melitensis in cattle and sheep from southern Cameroon","volume":"2","author":"Mitterran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15085","article-title":"Shedding rate of Brucella spp. in the milk of seropositive and seronegative dairy cattle","volume":"9","author":"Abnaroodheleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.190","article-title":"Seroprevalence and characterization of Brucella species in cattle slaughtered at Gauteng abattoirs, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Kolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2793","article-title":"Characterization of Brucella species in Mexico by Bruce-Ladder polymerase chain reaction (PCR)","volume":"6","author":"Joel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900414","article-title":"Brucella suis biovar 1 in naturally infected cattle: A bacteriological, serological, and histological study","volume":"9","author":"Ewalt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130506","article-title":"Unexpected Brucella suis biovar 2 infection in a dairy cow, Belgium","volume":"19","author":"Fretin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01429.x","article-title":"The first detection of Brucella canis in cattle in the Republic of Korea","volume":"59","author":"Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaeger, M.J., and Holler, L.D. (2007). Bacterial causes of bovine infertility and abortion. Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-072169323-1.50052-0"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Brucella species detected from clinical samples of cattle and buffaloes","volume":"92","author":"Varsha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v28i1.8","article-title":"Isolation and identification of Brucella abortus and B. melitensis in ruminants with a history of abortion: The first report from Eritrea","volume":"28","author":"Efrem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ethiopian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15173","article-title":"Trans-species transmission of Brucellae among ruminants hampering brucellosis control efforts in Egypt","volume":"132","author":"Hegazy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microb."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1014","article-title":"Public and animal health risks associated with spillover of Brucella melitensis into dairy farms","volume":"9","author":"Bardenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.08.003","article-title":"Mass vaccination as a complementary tool in the control of a severe outbreak of bovine brucellosis due to Brucella abortus in Extremadura, Spain","volume":"97","author":"Sanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.08.1016","article-title":"Field study of vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strains RB51 and 19 under high and low disease prevalence","volume":"59","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Diasty, M., Wareth, G., Melzer, F., Mustafa, S., Sprague, L.D., and Neubauer, H. (2018). Isolation of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis from Seronegative Cows is a Serious Impediment in Brucellosis Control. Vet. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci5010028"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinka, M., Amela, J., Orjana, S., and Maid, R. (2022). Molecular detection of Brucella spp. in clinical samples of seropositive ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2022.101821"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/815\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:01:52Z","timestamp":1760112112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/9\/815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13090815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]}}}