{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:26:02Z","timestamp":1792106762702,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protozoan parasite Leishmania causes leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, that disproportionately affects underdeveloped countries. This disease has major health, economic, and social implications, particularly because of the limited treatment options, high cost, the severe side effects associated with available therapeutics, and the high rate of treatment failure caused by the parasites\u2019 growing resistance to current medications. In this review, we describe first the common strategies used by pathogens to develop drug resistance and then focus on the arsenal of available drugs to treat leishmaniasis, their modes of action, and the molecular mechanisms contributing to drug resistance in Leishmania spp., including the role of genomic, transcriptional, and translational control. We focus more specifically on our recent discovery of translational reprogramming as a major driver of drug resistance leading to coordinated changes in the translation of transcripts and orchestrating changes in metabolome and lipidome to support drug resistance. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential to identify the key elements needed to combat resistance and improve leishmaniasis treatment methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1727408653000},"page":"835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Leishmania spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Juliana","family":"Moncada-Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9725-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian Camilo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Almonacid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5339-8978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyson","family":"Quiceno-Giraldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales-PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6566-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis T. 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