{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:30:43Z","timestamp":1774128643088,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"Stanford\u2019s Discovery Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 DP1 AG072438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 DP1 AG072438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The periodontal disease pathobiont Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) may exert a range of detrimental effects on periodontal diseases in general and, more specifically, with the initiation and progression of Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis (molar\u2013incisor pattern). In this review of the biogeography of this pathobiont, the full range of geographical scales for A. actinomycetemcomitans, from global origins and transmission to local geographical regions, to more locally exposed probands and families, to the individual host, down to the oral cavity, and finally, to spatial interactions with other commensals and pathobionts within the plaque biofilms at the micron\/nanoscale, are reviewed. Using the newest technologies in genetics, imaging, in vitro cultures, and other research disciplines, investigators may be able to gain new insights to the role of this pathobiont in the unique initial destructive patterns of Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis. These findings may incorporate the unique features of the microbiome that are influenced by variations in the geographic environment within the entire mouth. Additional insights into the geographic distribution of molar\u2013incisor periodontal breakdown for Localized Stage III Grade C periodontitis may derive from the spatial interactions between A. actinomycetemcomitans and other pathobionts such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor aclocis, and commensals such as Streptococcus gordonii. In addition, while the association of A. actinomycetemcomitans in systemic diseases is limited at the present time, future studies into possible periodontal disease\u2013systemic disease links may also find A. actinomycetemcomitans and its geographical interactions with other microbiome members to provide important clues as to implications of pathobiological communications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T09:16:10Z","timestamp":1727428570000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["From Global to Nano: A Geographical Perspective of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8540-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark I.","family":"Ryder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6242-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0735-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelise E.","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fine, D.H., Schreiner, H., and Velusamy, S.K. 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