{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:58:57Z","timestamp":1790740737986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hepatitis E virus (HEV) has become increasingly important in recent years in terms of risk for public health, as the main causative agent of acute viral hepatitis. It is a foodborne disease transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated water or contaminated food. Human-to-human transmission is sporadic and is linked to transfusions or transplants. The main reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus are domestic pigs and wild boars, although, compared to pigs, wild boars represent a lesser source of risk since their population is smaller and the consumption of derived products is more limited. These peculiarities often make the role of the wild boar reservoir in the spread of the disease underestimated. As a public health problem that involves several animal species and humans, the management of the disease requires an interdisciplinary approach, and the concept of \u201cOne Health\u201d must be addressed. In this direction, the present review intends to analyze viral hepatitis E, with a particular focus on wild boar. For this purpose, literature data have been collected from different scientific search engines: PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google scholar, and several keywords such as \u201cHEV epidemiology\u201d, \u201cExtrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis E\u201d, and \u201cHEV infection control measures\u201d, among others, have been used. In the first part, the manuscript provides general information on the disease, such as epidemiology, transmission methods, clinical manifestations and implications on public health. In the second part, it addresses in more detail the role of wild boar as a reservoir and the implications related to the virus epidemiology. The document will be useful to all those who intend to analyze this infectious disease from a \u201cOne-Health\u201d perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hepatitis E and Potential Public Health Implications from a One-Health Perspective: Special Focus on the European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Castagna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"},{"name":"Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority, ASL, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7759-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority, ASL, 71121 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4173-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Costagliola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 10100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Quintiliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sbarro Health Research Organization ETS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Albergo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Finance and Technology, University LUM Giuseppe Degennaro, 70100 Casamassima, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interregional Park of Sasso Simone and Simoncello, 61021 Carpegna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Lupia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8074-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Ceniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Napoli 3 SUD, Department of Prevention, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Tilocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4199-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Roncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7355-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Britti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Gr\u00e6cia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05933.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatitis E: Current Status","volume":"24","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartl, J., Wehmeyer, M.H., and Pischke, S. (2016). Acute Hepatitis E: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8110299"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1929","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1929","article-title":"Hepatitis E and Pregnancy: Current State","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70255-X","article-title":"Hepatitis E: An Emerging Infection in Developed Countries","volume":"8","author":"Dalton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slot, E., Zaaijer, H.L., Molier, M., Van den Hurk, K., Prinsze, F., and Hogema, B.M. (2017). Meat Consumption Is a Major Risk Factor for Hepatitis E Virus Infection. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176414"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809990847","article-title":"Transmission Routes and Risk Factors for Autochthonous Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Europe: A Systematic Review","volume":"138","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"207","article-title":"Certain Epidemiological Features of Infectious Hepatitis during the Delhi Epidemic, 1955\u20131956","volume":"1","author":"Viswanathan","year":"1957","journal-title":"Hepat. Front."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"487","article-title":"Studies of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes","volume":"132","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12351","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus and Related Viruses in Animals","volume":"64","author":"Thiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.03.051","article-title":"Past, Present and Future of Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Zoonotic Perspectives","volume":"119","author":"Syed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denner, J. (2019). Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)\u2014The Future. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030251"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"cky214-003","article-title":"High Levels of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar Hunted for Domestic Consumption in Central Italy","volume":"28","author":"Micarelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2015.04.006","article-title":"Viral and Antibody Prevalence of Hepatitis E in European Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) and Hunters at Zoonotic Risk in the Latium Region","volume":"153","author":"Montagnaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12103","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars in Switzerland","volume":"61","author":"Burri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Price-Hayward, M., and Hartnell, R. (2016). Summary Report of Joint Scientific Workshop on Foodborne Viruses. EFSA Support. Publ., 13, 1103E.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2016.EN-1103"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Biasino, W. (2019). Bacterial Contamination of Pig Carcasses during Slaughter and the Growth Potential of Yersinia enterocolitica and Other Foodborne Pathogens under Refrigeration. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hoc, A. (2007). Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Global Hepatitis Report, 2017, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/75142","article-title":"Hepatitis E\u2014A New Era in Understanding","volume":"25","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30561","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.26.30561","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Europe: Surveillance and Descriptive Epidemiology of Confirmed Cases, 2005 to 2015","volume":"22","author":"Aspinall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Orenstein, W., Offit, P., Edwards, K.M., and Plotkin, S. (2023). Plotkin\u2019s Vaccines, Elsevier. [8th ed.]. Chapter 29\u2014Hepatitis E Vaccines."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"001778","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001778","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hepeviridae 2022: This Article Is Part of the ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profiles Collection","volume":"103","author":"Purdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0819","article-title":"The 3\u2032 End of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genome Binds Specifically to the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp)","volume":"282","author":"Agrawal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.03.038","article-title":"Structural and Molecular Biology of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050070093","article-title":"Expression of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF1","volume":"145","author":"Ropp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, V.P., Anang, S., Subramani, C., Madhvi, A., Bakshi, K., Srivastava, A., Nayak, B., Kumar, C.T.R., and Surjit, M. (2016). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced Synthesis of a Novel Viral Factor Mediates Efficient Replication of Genotype-1 Hepatitis E Virus. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005521"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5919","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00046-06","article-title":"A Bicistronic Subgenomic mRNA Encodes Both the ORF2 and ORF3 Proteins of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"80","author":"Graff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"26","article-title":"Identification of Novel Multi Epitopes Vaccine against the Capsid Protein (ORF2) of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"7","author":"Nouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Dis. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29691","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29691","article-title":"Multifunctional ORF3 Protein of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10457","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00892-06","article-title":"ORF3 Protein of Hepatitis E Virus Is Not Required for Replication, Virion Assembly, or Infection of Hepatoma Cells In Vitro","volume":"80","author":"Emerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhomme, S., Marion, O., Abravanel, F., Chapuy-Regaud, S., Kamar, N., and Izopet, J. (2016). Hepatitis E Pathogenesis. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8080212"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02804-15","article-title":"Distinct Entry Mechanisms for Nonenveloped and Quasi-Enveloped Hepatitis E Viruses","volume":"90","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12714","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00717-09","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Are Required for Cellular Binding of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF2 Capsid Protein and for Viral Infection","volume":"83","author":"Kalia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpe, Y.A. (2024). Processing of the Hepatitis E Virus ORF1 Nonstructural Polyprotein. Front. Virol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fviro.2023.1327745"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ankavay, M., Montpellier, C., Sayed, I.M., Saliou, J.-M., Wychowski, C., Saas, L., Duvet, S., Aliouat-Denis, C.-M., Farhat, R., and de Masson d\u2019Autume, V. (2019). New Insights into the ORF2 Capsid Protein, a Key Player of the Hepatitis E Virus Lifecycle. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42737-2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prpi\u0107, J., and Baymakova, M. (2023). Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection among Humans and Animals: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Prevention. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070931"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12646","article-title":"Hepatitis E: Genotypes, Strategies to Prevent and Manage, and the Existing Knowledge Gaps","volume":"5","author":"Kamani","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Profio, F., Sarchese, V., Palombieri, A., Fruci, P., Lanave, G., Robetto, S., Martella, V., and Di Martino, B. (2022). Current Knowledge of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Epidemiology in Ruminants. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101124"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luk, K.-C., Coller, K.E., Dawson, G.J., and Cloherty, G.A. (2018). Identification of a Putative Novel Genotype 3\/Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Recombinant. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203618"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Primadharsini, P.P., Takahashi, M., Nishizawa, T., Sato, Y., Nagashima, S., Murata, K., and Okamoto, H. (2024). The Full-Genome Analysis and Generation of an Infectious cDNA Clone of a Genotype 6 Hepatitis E Virus Variant Obtained from a Japanese Wild Boar: In Vitro Cultivation in Human Cell Lines. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060842"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0483-9","article-title":"Recent Knowledge on Hepatitis E Virus in Suidae Reservoirs and Transmission Routes to Human","volume":"48","author":"Pavio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"117","article-title":"Current Knowledge on Hepatitis E","volume":"3","author":"Suay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14351","article-title":"Hepatitis E, What\u2019s the Real Issue?","volume":"40","author":"Larrue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13237","article-title":"The Global Burden of Hepatitis E Outbreaks: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Hakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a033431","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033431","article-title":"Epidemiology and Transmission of Hepatitis A Virus and Hepatitis E Virus Infections in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khuroo, M.S., Khuroo, M.S., and Khuroo, N.S. (2016). Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus in Developing Countries. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8090253"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Outbreak in an Internally Displaced Population of Afghanistan: Is It a Risk to Transfusion Safety?","volume":"3","author":"Hashemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Haematol. Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toole, M. (2019). Health in Humanitarian Crises. The Health of Refugees: Public Health Perspectives from Crisis to Settlement, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198814733.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a031732","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031732","article-title":"Epidemiology of Genotype 1 and 2 Hepatitis E Virus Infections","volume":"9","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13860","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Genotype 3 Diversity: Identification of a Novel HEV Subtype in Wild Boar in Central Italy","volume":"68","author":"Pierini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.018","article-title":"Monitoring of Pork Liver and Meat Products on the Dutch Market for the Presence of HEV RNA","volume":"296","author":"Boxman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janahi, E.M., Parkar, S.F., Mustafa, S., and Eisa, Z.M. (2020). Implications of Hepatitis E Virus in Blood Transfusions, Hemodialysis, and Solid Organ Transplants. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56050206"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahmanova, G., Takova, K., Tonova, V., Koynarski, T., Lukov, L.L., Minkov, I., Pishmisheva, M., Kotsev, S., Tsachev, I., and Baymakova, M. (2023). The Re-Emergence of Hepatitis E Virus in Europe and Vaccine Development. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071558"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Spancernien\u0117, U. (2018). Prevalence and Molecular Characterisation of Hepatitis E Virus in Lithuanian Pigs and Wildlife. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Public Health Challenge of Chronic Viral Hepatitis: An Urgent Need for Screening","volume":"20","author":"Falla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurohealth"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iaconelli, M., Bonanno Ferraro, G., Mancini, P., Suffredini, E., Veneri, C., Ciccaglione, A.R., Bruni, R., Della Libera, S., Bignami, F., and Brambilla, M. (2020). Nine-Year Nationwide Environmental Surveillance of Hepatitis E Virus in Urban Wastewaters in Italy (2011\u20132019). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062059"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s42991-021-00125-2","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Crop Damage by Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Effects of Population Control in the Ticino and Lake Maggiore Park (North-Western Italy)","volume":"101","author":"Cappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mamm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Riga, F., Toso, S., Genghini, M., and Carnevali, L. (2009). Il Problema Dei Danni Da Ungulati Alle Colture Agroforestali. Georgofili: Quaderni. 2009-I., Accademia dei Georgofili."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"29","article-title":"Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Populations in Europe: A Scientific Review of Population Trends and Implications for Management","volume":"56","author":"Tack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Landowners\u2019 Organ. Bruss."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Giuggioli, G., Olivastri, A., Pennisi, L., Paludi, D., Ianieri, A., and Vergara, A. (2017). Il Controllo Igienico-Sanitario Delle Carni di Grossa Selvaggina Cacciata: Criticit\u00e0 Normative. Sfoglia per Rivista XXVII Convegno Nazionale AIVI Le Sinergie tra Grande Distribuzione Organizzata, Industria, Piccole Produzioni Locali e Controllo Ufficiale: Tutela del Consumatore, Difficolt\u00e0 e Prospettive, University of Parma."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.01.016","article-title":"From Barnyard to Food Table: The Omnipresence of Hepatitis E Virus and Risk for Zoonotic Infection and Food Safety","volume":"161","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorusso, P., Bonerba, E., Pandiscia, A., Mottola, A., Di Pinto, A., Piredda, R., and Terio, V. (2022). Occurrence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Calabrian Wild Boars. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 371.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109671"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12736","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar Population in Eastern Romania","volume":"65","author":"Porea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12118","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar in the Central Northern Part of Italy","volume":"62","author":"Martinelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.05.008","article-title":"Serologic and Molecular Survey for Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Central Italy","volume":"7","author":"Mazzei","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.02.005","article-title":"Quantification and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted for Domestic Consumption in Central Italy","volume":"82","author":"Iaconelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12948","article-title":"Molecular Survey of HEV Infection in Wild Boar Population in Italy","volume":"65","author":"Ostanello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol2040062","article-title":"Detection of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Pigs and in the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Population of Chieti Province, Abruzzo Region, Italy","volume":"2","author":"Aprea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-021-09467-z","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Spread and Genetic Diversity in Game Animals in Northern Italy","volume":"13","author":"Arnaboldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1423-0410.2000.7920072.x","article-title":"Retrospective Analysis of Blood Transfusion Recipients: Evidence for Post\u2013Transfusion Hepatitis E","volume":"79","author":"Arankalle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.006","article-title":"Food and Environmental Routes of Hepatitis E Virus Transmission","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1086\/655898","article-title":"Pig Liver Sausage as a Source of Hepatitis E Virus Transmission to Humans","volume":"202","author":"Colson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a032144","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a032144","article-title":"Transmission and Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 and 4 Infections","volume":"8","author":"Dalton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, N., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Gutierrez-Boada, M., Valero, A., Navarro, A., Mu\u00f1oz-Chimeno, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Manzano, A., Escobar, F.M., Mart\u00ednez, I., and B\u00e1rcena, C. (2020). Occurrence of Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs and Pork Cuts and Organs at the Time of Slaughter, Spain, 2017. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02990"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forzan, M., Pacini, M.I., Periccioli, M., and Mazzei, M. (2021). Hepatitis E Virus RNA Presence in Wild Boar Carcasses at Slaughterhouses in Italy. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061624"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.10.024","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Swine and Effluent Samples from Slaughterhouses in Brazil","volume":"149","author":"Marchevsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00065-6","article-title":"Serological Evidence for Swine Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Australian Pig Herds","volume":"68","author":"Chandler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5371-5374.2004","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars and Deer and Genetic Identification of a Genotype 3 HEV from a Boar in Japan","volume":"42","author":"Sonoda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.10.006","article-title":"Complete or Near-Complete Nucleotide Sequences of Hepatitis E Virus Genome Recovered from a Wild Boar, a Deer, and Four Patients Who Ate the Deer","volume":"330","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.014","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of a Novel Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Strain Obtained from a Wild Boar in Japan That Is Highly Divergent from the Previously Recognized HEV Strains","volume":"180","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-06-144","article-title":"High Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan","volume":"50","author":"Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000393","article-title":"Proposed Reference Sequences for Hepatitis E Virus Subtypes","volume":"97","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.004","article-title":"Detection of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in a Demographic Managed Wild Boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) Population in Italy","volume":"126","author":"Martelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0121-8","article-title":"Natural and Experimental Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3-Infection in European Wild Boar Is Transmissible to Domestic Pigs","volume":"45","author":"Schlosser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.022","article-title":"Chronically Infected Wild Boar Can Transmit Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus to Domestic Pigs","volume":"180","author":"Schlosser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00030.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Wild Boar in the Ehime Area of Western Japan","volume":"37","author":"Michitaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jori, F., Laval, M., Maestrini, O., Casabianca, F., Charrier, F., and Pavio, N. (2016). Assessment of Domestic Pigs, Wild Boars and Feral Hybrid Pigs as Reservoirs of Hepatitis E Virus in Corsica, France. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8080236"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.161169","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boars and Spillover Infection in Red and Roe Deer, Germany, 2013\u20132015","volume":"23","author":"Szabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00989-12","article-title":"High Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence in Forestry Workers and in Wild Boars in France","volume":"50","author":"Carpentier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.06.032","article-title":"High HEV Presence in Four Different Wild Boar Populations in East and West Germany","volume":"139","author":"Adlhoch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2246-5","article-title":"Serological and Virological Survey of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar Populations in Northwestern Italy: Detection of HEV Subtypes 3e and 3f","volume":"160","author":"Caruso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12113","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Prevalence in Wildlife in Poland","volume":"62","author":"Larska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-015-9210-8","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Domestic Pigs, Wild Boars, Pig Farm Workers, and Hunters in Estonia","volume":"7","author":"Ivanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01285.x","article-title":"Seroprevalence Evolution of Selected Pathogens in Iberian Wild Boar: Seroprevalence Evolution of Selected Pathogens","volume":"59","author":"Boadella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-58","article-title":"Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boars of Rural and Urban Regions in Germany and Whole Genome Characterization of an Endemic Strain","volume":"6","author":"Schielke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in European Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Spain","volume":"129","author":"Peralta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12435","article-title":"Belgian Wildlife as Potential Zoonotic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus","volume":"64","author":"Thiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-015-9201-9","article-title":"Molecular Investigation on the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Wild Game in North-Western Italy","volume":"7","author":"Serracca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.21","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan","volume":"71","author":"Sakano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12550","article-title":"Susceptibility of Pigs to Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 Isolated from a Wild Boar","volume":"64","author":"Thiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81394-0","article-title":"Analysis of the Full-Length Genome of Hepatitis E Virus Isolates Obtained from Wild Boars in Japan","volume":"86","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.05.014","article-title":"Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar and Red Deer in The Netherlands","volume":"168","author":"Rutjes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12297","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Sylvatic and Captive Wild Boar from Portugal","volume":"63","author":"Mesquita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.01.008","article-title":"Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Endemic Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Strains in Humans and Animals in Hungary","volume":"44","author":"Reuter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160612","article-title":"Possible Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus from Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars from Corsica","volume":"22","author":"Pavio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.06.004","article-title":"Identification of European-Type Hepatitis E Virus Subtype 3e Isolates in Japanese Wild Boars: Molecular Tracing of HEV from Swine to Wild Boars","volume":"18","author":"Nakano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.140891","article-title":"Frequent Hepatitis E Virus Contamination in Food Containing Raw Pork Liver, France","volume":"20","author":"Pavio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.005","article-title":"Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Liver Sausages","volume":"193","author":"Angeloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Latil, S., Hennechart-Collette, C., Delannoy, S., Guillier, L., Fach, P., and Perelle, S. (2016). Quantification of Hepatitis E Virus in Naturally-Contaminated Pig Liver Products. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01183"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1808.111647","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus in Pork Food Chain, United Kingdom, 2009\u20132010","volume":"18","author":"Berto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"Cook, N., D\u2019Agostini, M., Clarke, E., and Johne, R. (2017, June 20). A Critical Review of Approaches to Assess the Infectivity of Hepatitis E Virus, Available online: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/document\/fs301014report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1153-2","article-title":"A549 and PLC\/PRF\/5 Cells Can Support the Efficient Propagation of Swine and Wild Boar Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Strains: Demonstration of HEV Infectivity of Porcine Liver Sold as Food","volume":"157","author":"Takahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.10.017","article-title":"Replication of Hepatitis E Virus in Three-Dimensional Cell Culture","volume":"187","author":"Berto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.068","article-title":"Inactivation of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus Present in Commercial Pig Livers Sold in Local Grocery Stores in the United States","volume":"123","author":"Feagins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82613-0","article-title":"Detection and Characterization of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus from Commercial Pig Livers Sold in Local Grocery Stores in the USA","volume":"88","author":"Feagins","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.12.2889","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus RNA in Commercial Porcine Livers in The Netherlands","volume":"70","author":"Bouwknegt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.140791","article-title":"Foodborne Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus from Raw Pork Liver Sausage, France","volume":"20","author":"Renou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ862","article-title":"High Proportion of Asymptomatic Infections in an Outbreak of Hepatitis E Associated with a Spit-Roasted Piglet, France, 2013","volume":"62","author":"Guillois","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000113","article-title":"Phylogenetic Demonstration of Hepatitis E Infection Transmitted by Pork Meat Ingestion","volume":"49","author":"Quer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.01.008","article-title":"Acute Hepatitis E of a Man Who Consumed Wild Boar Meat Prior to the Onset of Illness in Nagasaki, Japan","volume":"31","author":"Masuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1086\/378074","article-title":"Severe Hepatitis E Virus Infection after Ingestion of Uncooked Liver from a Wild Boar","volume":"188","author":"Matsuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12332","article-title":"Retrospective Study Evaluating Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Blood Donors and in Swine Veterinarians in Italy (2004)","volume":"64","author":"Montomoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.08.030","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Individuals in Working Contact with Animals","volume":"58","author":"Chaussade","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-011-0221-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence Study in Forestry Workers from Eastern Germany Using Novel Genotype 3- and Rat Hepatitis E Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin G ELISAs","volume":"201","author":"Dremsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05568.x","article-title":"Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in the General Population of Okinawa, Kyushu, Japan","volume":"23","author":"Toyoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schielke, A., Ibrahim, V., Czogiel, I., Faber, M., Schrader, C., Dremsek, P., Ulrich, R.G., and Johne, R. (2015). Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Prevalence in Hunters from a District in Central Germany, 2013: A Cross-Sectional Study Providing Evidence for the Benefit of Protective Gloves during Disembowelling of Wild Boars. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1199-y"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070063","article-title":"Possible Zoonotic Transmission of Hepatitis E from Pet Pig to Its Owner","volume":"13","author":"Renou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.010","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Spanish Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herds","volume":"148","author":"Casas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.008","article-title":"Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in a Naturally Infected Swine Herd from Nursery to Slaughter","volume":"117","author":"Leblanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krog, J.S., Larsen, L.E., and Breum, S.\u00d8. (2019). Tracing Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs from Birth to Slaughter. Front. Vet. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00050"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003100","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Slaughter-Age Pigs in Scotland","volume":"143","author":"Crossan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risalde, M.A., Rivero-Ju\u00e1rez, A., Romero-Palomo, F., Fr\u00edas, M., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, P., Cano-Terriza, D., Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra, I., Jim\u00e9nez-Ru\u00edz, S., Camacho, \u00c1., and Machuca, I. (2017). Persistence of Hepatitis E Virus in the Liver of Non-Viremic Naturally Infected Wild Boar. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186858"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songtanin, B., Molehin, A.J., Brittan, K., Manatsathit, W., and Nugent, K. (2023). Hepatitis E Virus Infections: Epidemiology, Genetic Diversity, and Clinical Considerations. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.0456.v1"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhomme, S., Marion, O., Abravanel, F., Izopet, J., and Kamar, N. (2020). Clinical Manifestations, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatitis E Virus Infections. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020331"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakze-Van Der Honing, R.W., Van Coillie, E., Antonis, A.F., and van der Poel, W.H. (2011). First Isolation of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 in Europe through Swine Surveillance in the Netherlands and Belgium. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022673"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07200-2","article-title":"Genotype Specific Pathogenicity of Hepatitis E Virus at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface","volume":"9","author":"Gouilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28143","article-title":"Impaired Monocyte-macrophage Functions and Defective Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Hepatitis E Virus-infected Pregnant Women with Acute Liver Failure","volume":"62","author":"Sehgal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i37.5543","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Aslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2012.04200.x","article-title":"Chronic Hepatitis E in Heart Transplant Recipients","volume":"12","author":"Pischke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlevogt, B., Kinast, V., Reusch, J., Kerkhoff, A., Praditya, D., Todt, D., Schmidt, H.H., Steinmann, E., and Behrendt, P. (2019). Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection during Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma and Ibrutinib Treatment. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030129"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00436-12","article-title":"Thermal Inactivation of Infectious Hepatitis E Virus in Experimentally Contaminated Food","volume":"78","author":"Barnaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v3.i12.285","article-title":"Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and Prevention","volume":"3","author":"Teshale","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melgaco, J.G., Gardinali, N.R., de Mello, V.D., Leal, M., Lewis-Ximenez, L.L., and Pinto, M.A. (2018). Hepatitis E: Update on Prevention and Control. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5769201"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.021","article-title":"Liver Transplant from a Donor with Occult HEV Infection Induced Chronic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis in the Recipient","volume":"56","author":"Schlosser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2013.148","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donor","volume":"49","author":"Koenecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12405","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus and Related Viruses in Wild, Domestic and Zoo Animals: A Review","volume":"65","author":"Spahr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.08.020","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs from Different Production Systems","volume":"224","author":"Risalde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12837","article-title":"Long-Term Surveillance for Hepatitis E Virus in an Italian Two-Site Farrow-to-Finish Swine Farm","volume":"68","author":"Ianiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13153","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Strains Infecting Swedish Domestic Pigs Are Unique for Each Pig Farm and Remain in the Farm for at Least 2 Years","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-014-0232-x","article-title":"No Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs Fed Diets Containing Commercial Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma: A Retrospective Study of Samples from Several Swine Trials","volume":"11","author":"Pujols","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubbert, T., Meester, M., Smith, R.P., Tobias, T.J., Di Bartolo, I., Johne, R., Pavoni, E., Krumova-Valcheva, G., Sassu, E.L., and Prigge, C. (2024). Corrigendum: Biosecurity Measures to Control Hepatitis E Virus on European Pig Farms. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1441544"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.06.006","article-title":"Serological Diagnostics of Hepatitis E Virus Infection","volume":"161","author":"Khudyakov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0503-4","article-title":"Performance of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)-Antibody Tests: A Comparative Analysis Based on Samples from Individuals with Direct Contact to Domestic Pigs or Wild Boar in Germany","volume":"206","author":"Sommerkorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, A., B\u00e1rcena, C., Pozo, P., D\u00edez-Guerrier, A., Mart\u00ednez, I., Polo, C., Duque, C., Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Goyache, J., and Garc\u00eda, N. (2020). Liver Transudate, a Potential Alternative to Detect Anti-Hepatitis E Virus Antibodies in Pigs and Wild Boars (Sus scrofa). Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030450"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12397","article-title":"Evaluation of an Antigen-capture EIA for the Diagnosis of Hepatitis E Virus Infection","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23827","article-title":"Serological Cross Reactivity to CMV and EBV Causes Problems in the Diagnosis of Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection","volume":"86","author":"Hyams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"532","article-title":"Acute Non-A, Non-B, Non-C Hepatitis Differences and Similarities between Hepatitis E Virus Infection and Autoimmune Hepatitis, with Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis E Virus in Humans and Wild Boars","volume":"35","author":"Zachou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01795-13","article-title":"Ribavirin Inhibits In Vitro Hepatitis E Virus Replication through Depletion of Cellular GTP Pools and Is Moderately Synergistic with Alpha Interferon","volume":"58","author":"Debing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0566-6","article-title":"The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: An Interim Analysis of Potential Teratogenicity at the Mid-Point of Enrollment","volume":"40","author":"Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz953","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Ribavirin Study GroupRibavirin for Hepatitis E Virus Infection after Organ Transplantation: A Large European Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"71","author":"Kamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"474","article-title":"Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis E in Liver Transplant Recipients with Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b","volume":"16","author":"Haagsma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.08.002","article-title":"Ribavirin Therapy Inhibits Viral Replication on Patients with Chronic Hepatitis e Virus Infection","volume":"139","author":"Kamar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-00256","article-title":"Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection: Successful Virologic Response to Pegylated Interferon-\u03b1 Therapy","volume":"153","author":"Alric","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.158","article-title":"Definitive Clearance of a Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection with Ribavirin Treatment","volume":"106","author":"Alric","year":"2011","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. ACG"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit224","article-title":"Chronic Hepatitis E in HIV Patients: Rapid Progression to Cirrhosis and Response to Oral Ribavirin","volume":"57","author":"Neukam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.09.011","article-title":"Sofosbuvir Inhibits Hepatitis E Virus Replication in Vitro and Results in an Additive Effect When Combined with Ribavirin","volume":"150","author":"Thi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.10.001","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Treatment and Ribavirin Therapy: Viral Mechanisms of Nonresponse","volume":"32","author":"Todt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00003-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00003-19","article-title":"Antiviral Candidates for Treating Hepatitis E Virus Infection","volume":"63","author":"Netzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.050","article-title":"Factors Associated with Chronic Hepatitis in Patients with Hepatitis E Virus Infection Who Have Received Solid Organ Transplants","volume":"140","author":"Kamar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1338115","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Immunosuppressed Patients: Natural History and Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Kamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0086","article-title":"Wild Boars as Sources for Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Humans","volume":"364","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3965","article-title":"Wild Boar Populations up, Numbers of Hunters down? A Review of Trends and Implications for Europe","volume":"71","author":"Massei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.07.001","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Six Reproductive Pathogens in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from Spain: The Effect on Wild Boar Female Reproductive Performance","volume":"65","author":"Vicente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.002","article-title":"Evidence of the Role of European Wild Boar as a Reservoir of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex","volume":"127","author":"Naranjo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.051041","article-title":"Hepatitis E Virus Transmission from Wild Boar Meat","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-006-0174-3","article-title":"Wild Boars as Possible Source of Hemorrhagic Leptospirosis in Berlin, Germany","volume":"25","author":"Jansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ199","article-title":"Outbreak of Trichinellosis Due to Wild Boar Meat and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Post Exposure Prophylaxis, Germany, 2013","volume":"60","author":"Faber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0367","article-title":"Wild Boars as an Important Reservoir for Foodborne Pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Wacheck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00168","article-title":"Wild Boar and Infectious Diseases: Evaluation of the Current Risk to Human and Domestic Animal Health in Switzerland: A Review","volume":"160","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. F\u00fcr Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, N., Abril, C., Thomann, A., Grosclaude, E., Doherr, M.G., Boujon, P., and Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P. (2012). Risk Factors for Contacts between Wild Boar and Outdoor Pigs in Switzerland and Investigations on Potential Brucella Suis Spill-Over. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-116"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007002","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with the Prevalence of Tuberculosis-like Lesions in Fenced Wild Boar and Red Deer in South Central Spain","volume":"38","author":"Vicente","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"468","article-title":"Population Density and Infectious Disease at Bird Tables","volume":"142","author":"Kirkwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308352100","article-title":"Avian Influenza A Virus (H7N7) Associated with Human Conjunctivitis and a Fatal Case of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Fouchier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1326","article-title":"Disease Management Strategies for Wildlife","volume":"21","author":"Wobeser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Int. Off. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"89","article-title":"Wildlife Infectious Disease Control in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Artois","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mt. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1321","article-title":"Surveillance and Monitoring of Wildlife Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Morner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech.-Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2072","article-title":"Use of Cattle Farm Resources by Badgers (Meles meles) and Risk of Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Transmission to Cattle","volume":"269","author":"Garnett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.027","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in Non-Carnivorous Wildlife from Spain","volume":"143","author":"Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04454","article-title":"Positive and Negative Effects of Widespread Badger Culling on Tuberculosis in Cattle","volume":"439","author":"Donnelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007059","article-title":"Estimation of European Wild Boar Relative Abundance and Aggregation: A Novel Method in Epidemiological Risk Assessment","volume":"135","author":"Acevedo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/10\/840\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:37Z","timestamp":1760112337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/10\/840"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13100840"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13100840","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}