{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:58:12Z","timestamp":1792058292990,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Christopher Spitzke Critical Illness Research Endowment Fund","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chairs Program","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]},{"name":"University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences Graduate Studentship","award":["950-232963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["950-232963"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Legionella is an underdiagnosed and underreported etiology of pneumonia. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (LpSG1) is thought to be the most common pathogenic subgroup. This assumption is based on the frequent use of a urinary antigen test (UAT), only capable of diagnosing LpSG1. We aimed to explore the frequency of Legionella infections in individuals diagnosed with pneumonia and the performance of diagnostic methods for detecting Legionella infections. We conducted a scoping review to answer the following questions: (1) \u201cDoes nucleic acid testing (NAT) increase the detection of non-pneumophila serogroup 1 Legionella compared to non-NAT?\u201d; and (2) \u201cDoes being immunocompromised increase the frequency of pneumonia caused by non-pneumophila serogroup 1 Legionella compared to non-immunocompromised individuals with Legionnaires\u2019 disease (LD)?\u201d. Articles reporting various diagnostic methods (both NAT and non-NAT) for pneumonia were extracted from several databases. Of the 3449 articles obtained, 31 were included in our review. The most common species were found to be L. pneumophila, L. longbeachae, and unidentified Legionella species appearing in 1.4%, 0.9%, and 0.6% of pneumonia cases. Nearly 50% of cases were caused by unspecified species or serogroups not detected by the standard UAT. NAT-based techniques were more likely to detect Legionella than non-NAT-based techniques. The identification and detection of Legionella and serogroups other than serogroup 1 is hampered by a lack of application of broader pan-Legionella or pan-serogroup diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T03:57:52Z","timestamp":1727755072000},"page":"857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Adequacy of Current Legionnaires\u2019 Disease Diagnostic Practices in Capturing the Epidemiology of Clinically Relevant Legionella: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ryan","family":"Ha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain A.","family":"Lother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Turenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shared Health, Diagnostic Services, 1502-155 Carlton St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3H8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Shared Health, 750 William Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoav","family":"Keynan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulma Vanessa","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1\u00aa 70-01, Barrio Laureles, Medell\u00edn 050031, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, January 16). 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